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The
information in this Prospectus is not complete and may be changed. The
Trust may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed
with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This Prospectus
is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to
buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not
permitted. |
|
Subject
to Completion
Preliminary
Prospectus dated March 25, 2026
[
, 2026 ]
Prospectus
[SMHC]
| China Semiconductor ETF
Principal
U.S. Listing Exchange for the Fund: [ ]
The
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved these
securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this Prospectus. Any
representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
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VANECK®
China Semiconductor ETF
SUMMARY
INFORMATION
INVESTMENT
OBJECTIVE
VanEck
China Semiconductor ETF (the "Fund") seeks to track as closely as possible,
before fees and expenses, the price and yield performance of the MarketVector™
China Semiconductor 25 Index (the “Index”).
FUND
FEES AND EXPENSES
The
following tables describe the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy,
hold and sell shares of the Fund (“Shares”).
You may pay other fees, such as brokerage commissions and other fees to
financial intermediaries, which are not reflected in the tables and examples
below.
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Shareholder
Fees
(fees
paid directly from your investment) |
None |
Annual
Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses
that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your
investment)
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Fee |
[
] |
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Other
Expenses(a)
(b) |
[
] |
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Total
Annual Fund Operating Expenses(b) |
[
] |
(a) “Other
Expenses” are based on estimated amounts for the current fiscal
year.
(b) Van
Eck Associates Corporation (the “Adviser”) will pay all expenses of the Fund,
except for the fee payment under the investment management agreement, acquired
fund fees and expenses, interest expense, offering costs, trading expenses,
taxes and extraordinary expenses. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Adviser has
agreed to pay the offering costs until at least [ ].
EXPENSE
EXAMPLE
This
example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with
the cost of investing in other funds. This example does not take into account
brokerage commissions that you pay when purchasing or selling Shares of the
Fund.
The
example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods
indicated and then sell or hold all of your Shares at the end of those periods.
The example also assumes that your investment has a 5% annual return and that
the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same [(except that the example
incorporates the fee waivers and/or expense reimbursement arrangement for only
the first year)]. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on
these assumptions, your costs would be:
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Year |
Expenses |
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1 |
[
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3 |
[
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PORTFOLIO
TURNOVER
The
Fund will pay transaction costs, such as commissions, when it purchases and
sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover
will cause the Fund to incur additional transaction costs and may result in
higher taxes when Fund Shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which
are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the example, may
affect the Fund’s performance. Because the Fund is newly organized, no portfolio
turnover figures are available.
PRINCIPAL
INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
The
Fund normally invests at least 80% of its total assets in securities that
comprise the Fund’s benchmark index. For purposes of this policy, the term
“assets” means net assets plus the amount of any borrowings for investment
purposes.
The
Index is a rules-based, modified capitalization-weighted, float-adjusted index
intended to track the performance of 25 of the largest and most liquid Chinese
companies in the semiconductor industry. The Index includes common stocks and
depositary receipts of companies that are headquartered or incorporated in China
or Hong Kong and that generate at least 50% of their revenues from the
semiconductor segment. Semiconductor companies include those engaged primarily
in the production of semiconductors and/or semiconductor equipment.
From
the 50 largest eligible companies by full market capitalization, the 25 highest
ranked securities based on a combined ranking of free-float market
capitalization and three-month average daily trading volume are selected for
inclusion in the Index.
As
of [ ], the Index included 25 securities of companies with a market
capitalization range of between approximately $[ ] and $[ ] and a weighted
average market capitalization of $[ ]. These amounts are subject to change. The
Fund’s 80% investment policy is non-fundamental and may be changed without
shareholder approval upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders.
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The
Index is published by MarketVector Indexes GmbH (the “Index Provider”), which is
a wholly owned subsidiary of the Adviser. The Index is reconstituted
semi-annually and rebalanced quarterly.
The
Fund, using a “passive” or indexing investment approach, attempts to approximate
the investment performance of the Index by investing in a portfolio of
securities that generally tracks the Index. Unlike many investment companies
that try to “beat” the performance of a benchmark index, the Fund does not try
to “beat” the Index and does not seek temporary defensive positions that are
inconsistent with its investment objective of seeking to track the
Index.
The
Fund will seek to achieve its investment objective by primarily investing
directly in A-shares. A-shares are issued by companies incorporated in the
People’s Republic of China (“China” or the “PRC”). A-shares are traded in
renminbi (“RMB”) on the Shenzhen or Shanghai Stock Exchanges. The A-share market
in China is made available to domestic PRC investors and foreign investors
through the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect Program and the Shenzhen-Hong Kong
Stock Connect Program (together, “Stock Connect”). The Fund intends to invest
directly in A-shares via Stock Connect, as described below. Stock Connect is a
securities trading and clearing program between the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock
Exchanges, the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited, China Securities Depository
and Clearing Corporation Limited (“CSDCC”) and Hong Kong Securities Clearing
Company Limited (“HKSCC”), Stock Connect is designed to permit mutual stock
market access between mainland China and Hong Kong by allowing investors to
trade and settle shares on each market via their local exchanges. Other
exchanges in China may participate in Stock Connect in the future. Purchases of
A-shares through Stock Connect are subject to a daily quota at the market-level
and can only be utilized on a first-come-first-serve basis. Once the daily quota
is exceeded, buy orders will be rejected. Accordingly, the Fund's investments in
A-shares via Stock Connect will be subject to the abovementioned daily quota
limits on daily net purchases.
The
Fund is classified as a non-diversified fund under the Investment Company Act of
1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act of 1940”), and, therefore may
invest a greater percentage of its assets in a particular issuer. The Fund may
concentrate its investments in a particular industry or group of industries to
the extent that the Index concentrates in an industry or group of industries. As
of [ ], [the semiconductor sector] represented a significant portion of the
Fund.
PRINCIPAL
RISKS OF INVESTING IN THE FUND
Investors
in the Fund should be willing to accept a high degree of volatility in the price
of the Fund’s Shares and the possibility of significant losses. An investment in
the Fund involves a substantial degree of risk. An investment in the Fund is not
a deposit with a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation or any other government agency. Therefore, you should
consider carefully the following risks before investing in the Fund, each of
which could significantly and adversely affect the value of an investment in the
Fund.
Semiconductor
Industry Risk. Competitive
pressures may have a significant effect on the financial condition of companies
in the semiconductor industry. The Fund is subject to the risk that companies
that are in the semiconductor industry may be similarly affected by particular
economic or market events. As product cycles shorten and manufacturing capacity
increases, these companies may become increasingly subject to aggressive
pricing, which hampers profitability. Semiconductor companies are vulnerable to
wide fluctuations in securities prices due to rapid product obsolescence. Many
semiconductor companies may not successfully introduce new products, develop and
maintain a loyal customer base or achieve general market acceptance for their
products, and failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on their
business, results of operations and financial condition. Reduced demand for
end-user products, underutilization of manufacturing capacity, and other factors
could adversely impact the operating results of companies in the semiconductor
industry. Semiconductor companies typically face high capital costs and such
companies may need additional financing, which may be difficult to obtain.
Semiconductor companies depend significantly on third-party suppliers and the
availability of raw materials and may be adversely affected by supply chain
disruptions. They also may be subject to risks relating to research and
development costs and the availability and price of components. Moreover, they
may be heavily dependent on intellectual property rights and may be adversely
affected by loss or impairment of those rights. Some of the companies involved
in the semiconductor industry are also engaged in other lines of business
unrelated to the semiconductor business, and they may experience problems with
these lines of business, which could adversely affect their operating results.
The international operations of many semiconductor companies expose them to
risks associated with instability and changes in economic and political
conditions, foreign currency fluctuations, changes in foreign regulations,
competition from subsidized foreign competitors with lower production costs,
tariffs and trade disputes, and other risks inherent to international business.
The semiconductor industry is highly cyclical, which may cause the operating
results of many semiconductor companies to vary significantly. Companies in the
semiconductor industry also may be subject to competition from new market
entrants. The stock prices of companies in the semiconductor industry have been
and will likely continue to be extremely volatile compared to the overall
market.
Certain
companies in which the Fund may invest are non-U.S. issuers whose securities are
listed on U.S. exchanges. These securities involve risks beyond those associated
with investments in U.S. securities, including greater market volatility, higher
transactional costs, the possibility that the liquidity of such securities could
be impaired because of future political and/or economic developments, taxation
by foreign governments, political instability, the possibility that foreign
governmental restrictions may be adopted which might adversely affect such
securities and that the selection of such securities may be more difficult
because there may be less publicly available information concerning such
non-U.S. issuers or the accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards,
practices and requirements applicable to non-U.S. issuers may differ from those
applicable to U.S. issuers.
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[Information
Technology Sector Risk.
The Fund may be sensitive to, and its performance may depend to a greater extent
on, the overall condition of the information technology sector. Information
technology companies face intense competition, both domestically and
internationally, which may have an adverse effect on profit margins. Information
technology companies may have limited product lines, markets, financial
resources or personnel. The products of information technology companies may
face product obsolescence due to frequent new product introduction,
unpredictable changes in growth rates and competition for the services of
qualified personnel. They may face unexpected risks and costs associated with
technological developments, such as artificial intelligence and machine
learning. Failure to introduce new products, develop and maintain a loyal
customer base, or achieve general market acceptance for their products could
have a material adverse effect on a company’s business. Further, many companies
involved in, or exposed to, artificial intelligence-related businesses may be
substantially exposed to the market and business risks of other industries or
sectors, and the Fund may be adversely affected by negative developments
impacting those companies, industries or sectors. Companies in the information
technology sector are heavily dependent on patent protection and the expiration
of patents may adversely affect the profitability of these companies. In
addition, information technology may face increased government scrutiny and may
be subject to adverse government or legal action. ]
Equity Securities Risk.
The
value of the equity securities held by the Fund may fall due to general market
and economic conditions, perceptions regarding the markets in which the issuers
of securities held by the Fund participate, or factors relating to specific
issuers in which the Fund invests. Equity securities are subordinated to
preferred securities and debt in a company’s capital structure with respect to
priority to a share of corporate income, and therefore will be subject to
greater dividend risk than preferred securities or debt instruments. In
addition, while broad market measures of equity securities have historically
generated higher average returns than fixed income securities, equity securities
have generally also experienced significantly more volatility in those returns.
Depositary Receipts
Risk. The
Fund may invest in depositary receipts (including American Depositary Receipts),
which involve similar risks to those associated with investments in foreign
securities. Depositary receipts are receipts listed on U.S. or foreign exchanges
issued by banks or trust companies that entitle the holder to all dividends and
capital gains that are paid out on the underlying foreign shares. The issuers of
certain depositary receipts are under no obligation to distribute shareholder
communications to the holders of such receipts, or to pass through to them any
voting rights with respect to the deposited securities. Investments in
depositary receipts may be less liquid than the underlying shares in their
primary trading market. The issuers of depositary receipts may discontinue
issuing new depositary receipts and withdraw existing depositary receipts at any
time, which may result in costs and delays in the distribution of the underlying
assets to the Fund and may negatively impact the Fund’s
performance.
Foreign
Securities Risk.
Investments in the securities of foreign issuers involve risks beyond those
associated with investments in U.S. securities. These additional risks include
greater market volatility, the availability of less reliable financial
information, less stringent investor protections and disclosure standards,
higher transactional and custody costs, taxation by foreign governments,
decreased market liquidity and political instability. Because certain foreign
securities markets may be limited in size, the activity of large traders may
have an undue influence on the prices of securities that trade in such markets.
The Fund invests in securities of issuers located in countries whose economies
are heavily dependent upon trading with key partners. Any reduction in this
trading may have an adverse impact on the Fund’s investments. Certain foreign
markets may rely heavily on particular industries or foreign capital and are
more vulnerable to diplomatic developments (including regional and global,
military or other conflicts), the imposition of economic sanctions against a
particular country or countries, organizations, companies, entities and/or
individuals, changes in international trading patterns, trade barriers
(including tariffs) and other protectionist or retaliatory measures. Investments
in foreign markets may also be adversely affected by governmental interventions
or other actions such as the imposition of capital controls, nationalization of
companies or industries, expropriation of assets or the imposition of punitive
taxes. The cost of investing in foreign securities, including brokerage
commissions and custodial expenses, can be higher than the cost of investing in
domestic securities. Foreign market trading hours, clearance and settlement
procedures, and holiday schedules may limit the Fund's ability to buy and sell
securities.
Foreign Currency Risk. Because
all or a portion of the income received by the Fund from its investments and/or
the revenues received by the underlying issuers will generally be denominated in
foreign currencies, the Fund’s exposure to foreign currencies and changes in the
value of foreign currencies versus the U.S. dollar may result in reduced returns
for the Fund, and the value of certain foreign currencies may be subject to a
high degree of fluctuation. The Fund may also (directly or indirectly) incur
costs in connection with conversions between U.S. dollars and foreign
currencies.
Special
Risk Considerations of Investing in China.
Investments in securities of Chinese issuers involve risks and special
considerations not typically associated with investments in the U.S. securities
markets, including the following:
Political
and Economic Risk.
The economy of China, which has been in a state of transition from a planned
economy to a more market oriented economy, differs from the economies of most
developed countries in many respects, including the level of government
involvement, its state of development, its growth rate, control of foreign
exchange, and allocation of resources. Although the majority of productive
assets in China are still owned by the PRC government at various levels, in
recent years, the PRC government has implemented economic reform measures
emphasizing utilization of market forces in the development of the economy of
China and a high level of management autonomy. The economy of China has
experienced significant growth in the past 30 years, but growth has been uneven
both geographically and among various
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sectors
of the economy. Economic growth has also been accompanied by periods of high
inflation. The PRC government has implemented various measures from time to time
to control inflation and restrain the rate of economic growth.
For
more than 30 years, the PRC government has carried out economic reforms to
achieve decentralization and utilization of market forces to develop the economy
of the PRC. These reforms have resulted in significant economic growth and
social progress. There can, however, be no assurance that the PRC government
will continue to pursue such economic policies or, if it does, that those
policies will continue to be successful. Any such adjustment and modification of
those economic policies may have an adverse impact on the securities market in
the PRC as well as the underlying securities of the Fund’s Index. Further, the
PRC government may from time to time adopt corrective measures to control the
growth of the PRC economy which may also have an adverse impact on the capital
growth and performance of the Fund.
Political
changes, social instability and adverse diplomatic developments in the PRC could
result in the imposition of additional government restrictions including
expropriation of assets, confiscatory taxes or nationalization of some or all of
the property held by the issuers of the Fund’s A-share investments.
Market
volatility caused by potential regional or territorial conflicts or natural or
other disasters, may have an adverse impact on the performance of the Fund. For
example, any escalation of hostility between Mainland China and Taiwan would
likely have a significant adverse impact on the value and liquidity of the
Fund’s investments in both Mainland China and elsewhere, causing substantial
investment losses for the Fund.
The
laws, regulations, government policies and political and economic climate in
China may change with little or no advance notice. Any such change could
adversely affect market conditions and the performance of the Chinese economy
and, thus, the value of the A-shares in the Fund’s portfolio.
Since
1949, the PRC has been a socialist state controlled by the Communist party.
China has only recently opened up to foreign investment and has only begun to
permit private economic activity. There is no guarantee that the Chinese
government will not revert from its current open-market economy to the economic
policy of central planning that it implemented prior to 1978.
Under
the economic reforms implemented by the Chinese government, the Chinese economy
has experienced tremendous growth, developing into one of the largest economies
in the world. There is no assurance, however, that such growth will be sustained
in the future.
The
Chinese government continues to be an active participant in many economic
sectors through ownership positions and regulation. The allocation of resources
in China is subject to a high level of government control. The Chinese
government strictly regulates the payment of foreign currency denominated
obligations and sets monetary policy. Through its policies, the government may
provide preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. The
policies set by the government could have a substantial adverse effect on the
Chinese economy and the Fund’s investments.
The
Chinese economy is export-driven and highly reliant on trade, and much of
China’s growth in recent years has been the result of focused investments in
economic sectors intended to produce goods and services for export purposes. The
performance of the Chinese economy may differ favorably or unfavorably from the
U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross domestic product, rate of
inflation, currency revaluation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency
and balance of payments position. Adverse changes to the economic conditions of
its primary trading partners, such as the United States, Japan and South Korea,
would adversely impact the Chinese economy and the Fund’s investments.
International trade tensions involving China and its trading counterparties may
arise from time to time which can result in trade tariffs, embargoes, sanctions,
investment restrictions, trade limitations, trade wars and other negative
consequences. Such actions and consequences may ultimately result in a
significant reduction in international trade, an oversupply of certain
manufactured goods, devaluations of existing inventories and potentially the
failure of individual companies and/or large segments of China’s export industry
with a potentially severe negative impact to the Fund.
Moreover,
the current slowdown or any future recessions in other significant economies of
the world, such as the United States, the European Union and certain Asian
countries, may adversely affect economic growth in China. An economic downturn
in China would adversely impact the Fund’s investments.
Inflation.
Economic growth in China has also historically been accompanied by periods of
high inflation. Rising inflation may, in the future, adversely affect the
performance of the Chinese economy and the Fund’s investments.
Tax
Changes.
The Chinese system of taxation is not as well settled as that of the United
States. China has implemented a number of tax reforms in recent years and may
amend or revise its existing tax laws and/or procedures in the future, possibly
with retroactive effect. Changes in applicable Chinese tax law, such as the
cessation of tax exemptions in respect of investments in A-Shares via Stock
Connect, could reduce the after-tax profits of the Fund, directly or indirectly,
including by reducing the after-tax profits of companies in China in which the
Fund invests. Uncertainties in Chinese tax rules could result in unexpected tax
liabilities for the Fund. Should legislation limit U.S. investors’ ability to
invest in specific Chinese companies through A-shares or other share class
listings that are part of the underlying holdings, these shares may be excluded
from Fund holdings. In addition, changes in the Chinese tax system may have
retroactive effects.
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Nationalization
and Expropriation.
After the formation of the Chinese socialist state in 1949, the Chinese
government renounced various debt obligations and nationalized private assets
without providing any form of compensation. There can be no assurance that the
Chinese government will not take similar actions in the future. Accordingly, an
investment in the Fund involves a risk of a total loss.
Hong
Kong Policy.
As part of Hong Kong’s transition from British to Chinese sovereignty in 1997,
China agreed to allow Hong Kong to maintain a high degree of autonomy with
regard to its political, legal and economic systems for a period of at least 50
years. China controls matters that relate to defense and foreign affairs. Under
the agreement, China does not tax Hong Kong, does not limit the exchange of the
Hong Kong dollar for foreign currencies and does not place restrictions on free
trade in Hong Kong. However, there is no guarantee that China will continue to
honor the agreement, and China may change its policies regarding Hong Kong at
any time. As of July 2020, the Chinese Standing Committee of the National
People's Congress enacted the Law of the People's Republic of China on
Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
As of the same month, Hong Kong is no longer afforded preferential economic
treatment by the United States under US law, and there is uncertainty as to how
the economy of Hong Kong will be affected. Any further changes in PRC’s policies
could adversely affect market conditions and the performance of the Hong Kong
economy and, thus, the value of securities in the Fund’s portfolio.
Any
such change could adversely affect market conditions and the performance of the
Chinese economy and, thus, the value of securities in the Fund’s portfolio.
Furthermore, as demonstrated by Hong Kong protests in recent years over
political, economic, and legal freedoms, and the Chinese government's response
to them, there continues to exist political uncertainty within Hong
Kong.
Chinese
Securities Markets.
The securities markets in China have a limited operating history and are not as
developed as those in the United States. These markets tend to have had greater
volatility than markets in the United States and some other countries. In
addition, there is less regulation and monitoring of Chinese securities markets
and the activities of investors, brokers and other participants than in the
United States. Accordingly, issuers of securities in China are not subject to
the same degree of regulation as are U.S. issuers with respect to such matters
as insider trading rules, tender offer regulation, stockholder proxy
requirements and the requirements mandating timely disclosure of information.
During periods of significant market volatility, the Chinese government has,
from time to time, intervened in its domestic securities markets to a greater
degree than would be typical in more developed markets. Stock markets in China
are in the process of change and further development. This may lead to trading
volatility, unpredictable trading suspensions, difficulty in the settlement and
recording of transactions and difficulty in interpreting and applying the
relevant regulations. These risks may be more pronounced for the A-share market
than for Chinese securities markets generally because the A-share market is
subject to greater government restrictions and control, including trading
suspensions, as described in greater detail above.
Available
Disclosure About Chinese Companies.
Disclosure and regulatory standards in emerging market countries, such as China,
are in many respects less stringent than U.S. standards. There is substantially
less publicly available information about Chinese issuers than there is about
U.S. issuers. Therefore, disclosure of certain material information may not be
made, and less information may be available to the Fund and other investors than
would be the case if the Fund’s investments were restricted to securities of
U.S. issuers. Chinese issuers are subject to accounting, auditing and financial
standards and requirements that differ, in some cases significantly, from those
applicable to U.S. issuers. In particular, the assets and profits appearing on
the financial statements of a Chinese issuer may not reflect its financial
position or results of operations in the way they would be reflected had such
financial statements been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted
Accounting Principles.
Chinese
Corporate and Securities Law.
The Fund’s rights with respect to its investments in A-shares through Stock
Connect will not be governed by U.S. law, and instead will be governed by
Chinese law. China operates under a civil law system, in which court precedent
is not binding. Because there is no binding precedent to interpret existing
statutes, there is uncertainty regarding the implementation of existing
law.
Legal
principles relating to corporate affairs and the validity of corporate
procedures, directors’ fiduciary duties and liabilities and stockholders’ rights
often differ from those that may apply in the United States and other countries.
Chinese laws providing protection to investors, such as laws regarding the
fiduciary duties of officers and directors, are undeveloped and will not provide
investors, such as the Fund, with protection in all situations where protection
would be provided by comparable law in the United States. China lacks a national
set of laws that address all issues that may arise with regard to a foreign
investor such as the Fund.
It
may therefore be difficult for the Fund to enforce its rights as an investor
under Chinese corporate and securities laws, and it may be difficult or
impossible for the Fund to obtain a judgment in court. Moreover, as Chinese
corporate and securities laws continue to develop, these developments may
adversely affect foreign investors, such as the Fund.
Special
Risk Considerations of Investing in Chinese-Issued A-shares. The
Fund’s investments in A-shares via Stock Connect are limited by the market-wide
quotas imposed by Stock Connect. Currently, there are two stock exchanges in
mainland China, the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges, and there is one
stock exchange in Hong Kong. The Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges are
supervised by the China Securities Regulatory Commission and are highly
automated with trading and settlement executed electronically. The Shanghai and
Shenzhen Stock Exchanges are more volatile than the major securities
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markets
in the United States. In comparison to the mainland Chinese securities markets,
the securities markets in Hong Kong are relatively well developed and active.
The
Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges divide listed shares into two classes:
A-shares and B-shares. Companies whose shares are traded on the Shanghai and
Shenzhen Stock Exchanges that are incorporated in mainland China may issue both
A-shares and B-shares. In China, the A-shares and B-shares of an issuer may only
trade on one exchange. A-shares and B-shares may both be listed on either the
Shanghai or Shenzhen Stock Exchanges. Both classes represent an ownership
interest comparable to a share of common stock and all shares are entitled to
substantially the same rights and benefits associated with ownership. A-shares
are traded on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges in RMB.
Because
restrictions continue to exist and capital therefore cannot flow freely into the
A-share market, it is possible that in the event of a market disruption, the
liquidity of the A-share market and trading prices of A-shares could be more
severely affected than the liquidity and trading prices of markets where
securities are freely tradable and capital therefore flows more freely. The Fund
cannot predict the nature or duration of such a market disruption or the impact
that it may have on the A-share market and the short-term and long-term
prospects of its investments in the A-share market.
The
Chinese government has in the past taken actions that benefited holders of
A-shares. As A-shares become more available to foreign investors, such as the
Fund, the Chinese government may be less likely to take action that would
benefit holders of A-shares.
From
time to time, certain of the companies in which the Fund expects to invest may
operate in, or have dealings with, countries subject to sanctions or embargoes
imposed by the U.S. Government and the United Nations and/or countries
identified by the U.S. Government as state sponsors of terrorism. A company may
suffer damage to its reputation if it is identified as a company which operates
in, or has dealings with, countries subject to sanctions or embargoes imposed by
the U.S. Government and the United Nations and/or countries identified by the
U.S. Government as state sponsors of terrorism. As an investor in such
companies, the Fund will be indirectly subject to those risks.
Investment
and Repatriation Restrictions. Investments
by the Fund in A-shares and other Chinese financial instruments regulated by the
China Securities Regulatory Commission, including warrants and open- and
closed-end investment companies, are subject to governmental limits on the
classes of securities in which the Fund may invest.
The
Chinese government limits foreign investment in the securities of certain
Chinese issuers entirely if foreign investment is banned in respect of the
industry in which the relevant Chinese issuers are conducting their business.
These restrictions or limitations may have adverse effects on the liquidity and
performance of the Fund holdings as compared to the performance of its Index.
This may increase the risk of tracking error and may adversely affect the Fund’s
ability to pursue its investment objective.
Risk
of Loss of Favorable U.S. Tax Treatment.
The Fund intends to distribute annually all or substantially all of its
investment company taxable income and net capital gain. However, if the Fund
does not repatriate funds associated with direct investment in A-shares on a
timely basis, it may be unable to satisfy the distribution requirements required
to qualify for the favorable tax treatment otherwise generally afforded to
regulated investment companies under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. If the
Fund fails to qualify for any taxable year as a regulated investment company,
the Fund would be treated as a corporation subject to U.S. federal income tax,
thereby subjecting any income earned by the Fund to tax at the corporate level
(currently at a 21% U.S. federal tax rate) and, when such income is distributed,
to a further tax at the shareholder level to the extent of the Fund’s current or
accumulated earnings and profits. In addition, the Fund would not be eligible
for a deduction for dividends paid to shareholders. In addition, the Fund could
be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay taxes and make distributions (any
of which could be subject to interest charges) before re-qualifying for taxation
as a regulated investment company. See below under “Shareholder Information—Tax
Information—Taxes on Distributions” for more information.
Tax
on Retained Income and Gains.
To the extent the Fund does not distribute to shareholders all of its investment
company taxable income and net capital gain in a given year, it will be required
to pay U.S. federal income and excise tax on the retained income and gains,
thereby reducing the Fund’s return. The Fund may elect to treat its net capital
gain as having been distributed to shareholders. In that case, shareholders of
record on the last day of the Fund’s taxable year will be required to include
their attributable share of the retained gain in income for the year as a
long-term capital gain despite not actually receiving the dividend, and will be
entitled to a tax credit or refund for the tax deemed paid on their behalf by
the Fund as well as an increase in the basis of their shares to reflect the
difference between their attributable share of the gain and the related credit
or refund.
Foreign
Exchange Control.
The Chinese government heavily regulates the domestic exchange of foreign
currencies within China. Chinese law requires that all domestic transactions
must be settled in RMB, places significant restrictions on the remittance of
foreign currency and strictly regulates currency exchange from RMB. These
restrictions may adversely affect the Fund and its investments. There may not be
sufficient amounts of RMB for the Fund to be fully invested. It should also be
noted that the PRC government’s policies on exchange control and repatriation
restrictions are subject to change, and any such change may adversely impact the
Fund. There can be no assurance that the RMB exchange rate will not fluctuate
widely against the US dollar or any other foreign currency in the future. Under
exceptional circumstances, payment of
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redemptions
and/or dividend payment in RMB may be delayed due to the exchange controls and
restrictions applicable to RMB.
Custody
Risks of Investing in A-shares. Custody
arrangements for investments in China are subject to the rules and regulations
of the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the People’s Bank of China,
which may materially differ from custody arrangements in other jurisdictions.
The Fund’s investments in China are subject to the risks of such arrangements,
including the risk of a liquidation or bankruptcy by the PRC sub-custodian,
which may result in losses to the Fund.
Foreign
Currency Considerations.
Emerging markets such as China can experience high rates of inflation, deflation
and currency devaluation. The value of the RMB may be subject to a high degree
of fluctuation due to, among other things, changes in interest rates, the
effects of monetary policies issued by the PRC, the United States, foreign
governments, central banks or supranational entities, the imposition of currency
controls or other national or global political or economic developments. The
Fund invests a significant portion of its assets in investments denominated in
RMB and the income received by the Fund will principally be in RMB. The Fund’s
exposure to the RMB and changes in value of the RMB versus the U.S. dollar may
result in reduced returns for the Fund. Moreover, the Fund may incur costs in
connection with conversions between U.S. dollars and RMB. The RMB is currently
not a freely convertible currency. The value of the RMB is based on a managed
floating exchange rate based on market supply and demand with reference to a
basket of foreign currencies. The daily trading price of the RMB is allowed to
float within a narrow band around the central parity published by the People’s
Bank of China. The Chinese government’s imposition of restrictions on the
repatriation of RMB out of mainland China may limit the depth of the offshore
RMB market and reduce the liquidity of the Fund’s investments. These
restrictions as well as any accelerated appreciation or depreciation of RMB may
adversely affect the Fund and its investments. The Fund may be required to
liquidate certain positions in order to make distributions if the Fund has
insufficient cash in U.S. dollars to meet distribution requirements under the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986 due to currency convertibility. The liquidation of
investments, if required, may also have an adverse impact on the Fund’s
performance.
Furthermore,
the Fund may incur costs in connection with conversions between U.S. dollars and
RMB. Foreign exchange dealers realize a profit based on the difference between
the prices at which they are buying and selling various currencies. Thus, a
dealer normally will offer to sell a foreign currency to the Fund at one rate,
while offering a lesser rate of exchange should the Fund desire immediately to
resell that currency to the dealer. The Fund will conduct its foreign currency
exchange transactions either on a spot (i.e.,
cash) basis at the spot rate prevailing in the foreign currency exchange market,
or through entering into forward, futures or options contracts to purchase or
sell foreign currencies.
RMB
can be further categorized into onshore RMB (CNY), which can be traded only in
the PRC, and offshore RMB (CNH), which can be traded outside the PRC. CNY and
CNH are traded at different exchange rates and their exchange rates may not move
in the same direction. The Fund may also be adversely affected by the exchange
rates between CNY and CNH. In addition, there may not be sufficient amounts of
RMB for the Fund to be fully invested. Moreover, the trading and settlement of
RMB-denominated securities are recent developments in Hong Kong and there is no
assurance that problems will not be encountered with the systems or that other
logistical problems will not arise.
Currently,
there is no market in China in which the Fund may engage in hedging transactions
to minimize RMB foreign exchange risk, and there can be no guarantee that
instruments suitable for hedging currency will be available to the Fund in China
at any time in the future. In the event that in the future it becomes possible
to hedge RMB currency risk in China, the Fund may seek to protect the value of
some portion or all of its portfolio holdings against currency risks by engaging
in hedging transactions. In that case, such Fund may enter into forward currency
exchange contracts and currency futures contracts and options on such futures
contracts, as well as purchase put or call options on currencies, in China.
Currency hedging would involve special risks, including possible default by the
other party to the transaction, illiquidity and, to the extent the Adviser’s
view as to certain market movements is incorrect, the risk that the use of
hedging could result in losses greater than if they had not been used. The use
of currency transactions could result in the Fund’s incurring losses as a result
of the imposition of exchange controls, exchange rate regulation, suspension of
settlements or the inability to deliver or receive a specified
currency.
China-Related
Index Tracking Risk.
To the extent the Fund is unable to invest in A-shares or enter into swaps or
other derivatives linked to the performance of its Index or securities
comprising its Index, it may enter into swaps or other derivatives linked to the
performance of other funds that seek to track the performance of its Index.
These funds may trade at a premium or discount to net asset value, which may
result in additional tracking error for the Fund. Moreover, the ability of the
Fund to track its Index may be affected by foreign exchange fluctuations as
between the U.S. dollar and the RMB. Additionally, the terms of the swaps
require the payment of the U.S. dollar equivalent of the RMB distributions and
dividends received, meaning that the Fund is exposed to foreign exchange risk
and fluctuations in value between the U.S. dollar and the RMB. The Fund will be
required to remit RMB to settle the purchase of A-shares and repatriate RMB to
U.S. dollars to settle redemption orders. In the event such remittance is
delayed or disrupted, the Fund will not be able to fully replicate the Index by
investing in the relevant A-shares, which may lead to increased tracking error,
and may need to rely on borrowings to meet redemptions, which may lead to
increased expenses. Because the Index is priced in Chinese RMB and the Fund is
priced in U.S. dollars, the ability of the Fund to track the Index is in part
subject to foreign exchange
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fluctuations
as between the U.S. dollar and the RMB. The Fund may underperform the Index when
the value of the U.S. dollar increases relative to the value of the RMB.
Stock
Connect Risk. The
Fund may invest in A-shares listed and traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and
the Shenzhen Stock Exchange through Stock Connect, or on such other stock
exchanges that participate in Stock Connect from time to time or in the future.
Trading through Stock Connect is subject to a number of restrictions that may
affect the Fund’s investments and returns. For example, trading through Stock
Connect is subject to daily and aggregate market-wide trading volume and market
cap quotas that limit the maximum daily net purchases on any particular day by
Hong Kong investors (and foreign investors trading through Hong Kong) trading
mainland Chinese listed securities and mainland Chinese investors trading Hong
Kong listed securities, which may restrict or preclude the Fund’s ability to
invest in Stock Connect A-shares. The daily quota is not specific to the Fund
and is utilized on a first-come-first-serve basis. As such, buy orders via the
Stock Connect Programs could be rejected once the daily quota is exceeded. The
daily quota may thereby restrict the Fund's ability to invest through Stock
Connect Programs on a timely basis, which could affect the Fund's ability to
effectively pursue its investment strategy. The daily quota is also subject to
change. It is possible for securities eligible to be purchased via the Stock
Connect Program to lose such designation, which could impact the Fund's ability
to pursue its investment strategy. In addition, investments made through Stock
Connect are subject to trading, clearance and settlement procedures that are
relatively untested in the People's Republic of China ("PRC"), which could pose
risks to the Fund. Furthermore, securities purchased via Stock Connect will be
held via a book entry omnibus account in the name of Hong Kong Securities
Clearing Company Limited, Hong Kong’s clearing entity, at the China Securities
Depository and Clearing Corporation. The Fund’s ownership interest in Stock
Connect securities will not be reflected directly in book entry with China
Securities Depository and Clearing Corporation and will instead only be
reflected on the books of its Hong Kong sub-custodian. The Fund may therefore
depend on Hong Kong Securities Clearing Company Limited’s ability or willingness
as record-holder of Stock Connect securities to enforce the Fund’s shareholder
rights. PRC law did not historically recognize the concept of beneficial
ownership; while PRC regulations and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange have issued
clarifications and guidance supporting the concept of beneficial ownership via
Stock Connect, the interpretation of beneficial ownership in the PRC by
regulators and courts may continue to evolve. Moreover, Stock Connect A-shares
generally may not be sold, purchased or otherwise transferred other than through
Stock Connect in accordance with applicable rules.
A
primary feature of Stock Connect is the application of the home market’s laws
and rules applicable to investors in A-shares. Therefore, the Fund’s investments
in Stock Connect A-shares are generally subject to PRC securities regulations
and listing rules, among other restrictions. The Fund will not benefit from
access to Hong Kong investor compensation funds, which are set up to protect
against defaults of trades, when investing through Stock Connect. Stock Connect
is only available on days when markets in both the PRC and Hong Kong are open,
which may limit the Fund’s ability to trade when it would be otherwise
attractive to do so. Additionally, restrictions on the timing of permitted
trading activity in A-shares, including the imposition of local holidays in
either Hong Kong or Mainland China and restrictions on purchasing and selling
the same security on the same day, may subject the Fund to the risk of price
fluctuations of A-shares at times when the Fund is unable to add to or exit its
position. Since the inception of Stock Connect, foreign investors (including the
Fund) investing in A-shares through Stock Connect have been temporarily exempt
from the PRC corporate income tax and value-added tax on the gains on disposal
of such A-shares. Dividends are subject to PRC corporate income tax on a
withholding basis at 10%, unless reduced under a double tax treaty with China
upon application to and obtaining approval from the competent tax authority.
Aside from these temporary measures, uncertainties in permanent PRC tax rules
governing taxation of income and gains from investments in Stock Connect
A-shares could result in unexpected tax liabilities for the Fund.
The
Stock Connect program is a relatively new program and may be subject to further
interpretation and guidance. The effect of the introduction of large numbers of
foreign investors on the market for trading Chinese-listed securities is not
well understood. There can be no assurance as to the program’s continued
existence or whether future developments regarding the program may restrict or
adversely affect the Fund’s investments or returns. In addition, the application
and interpretation of the laws and regulations of Hong Kong and the PRC, and the
rules, policies or guidelines published or applied by relevant regulators and
exchanges in respect of the Stock Connect program are uncertain, and they may
have a detrimental effect on the Fund’s investments and returns. The securities
regimes and legal systems of China and Hong Kong differ significantly, and
issues may arise based on these differences. Any changes in law, regulations and
policies applicable to Stock Connect may affect A-share prices. These risks are
heightened by the underdeveloped state of the PRC's investment and banking
systems in general.
Emerging
Market Issuers Risk.
Investments in securities of emerging market issuers involve risks not typically
associated with investments in securities of issuers in more developed countries
that may negatively affect the value of your investment in the Fund. Such
heightened risks may include, among others, expropriation, nationalization
and/or confiscation of assets and property, restrictions on and government
intervention in international trade, confiscatory taxation, political
instability, including authoritarian and/or military involvement in governmental
decision making, armed conflict, the impact on the economy as a result of civil
war, crime (including drug violence) and social instability as a result of
religious, ethnic and/or socioeconomic unrest. Issuers in certain emerging
market countries are subject to less stringent requirements regarding
accounting, auditing, financial reporting and record keeping than are issuers in
more developed markets, and therefore, all material information may not be
available or reliable. Emerging markets are also more likely than developed
markets to experience problems with the clearing and settling of trades, as well
as the holding of securities by local banks, agents and depositories. Low
trading volumes and volatile prices in less developed markets may make trades
harder to complete and settle, and governments or trade groups may compel local
agents to hold securities in designated depositories that may not be
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subject
to independent evaluation. Local agents are held only to the standards of care
of their local markets. In general, the less developed a country’s securities
markets are, the greater the likelihood of custody problems. Additionally, each
of the factors described below could have a negative impact on the Fund’s
performance and increase the volatility of the Fund.
Securities
Market Risk.
Securities markets in emerging market countries are underdeveloped and are often
considered to be less correlated to global economic cycles than those markets
located in more developed countries. Securities markets in emerging market
countries are subject to greater risks associated with market volatility, lower
market capitalization, lower trading volume, illiquidity, inflation, greater
price fluctuations, uncertainty regarding the existence of trading markets,
governmental control and heavy regulation of labor and industry. These factors,
coupled with restrictions on foreign investment and other factors, limit the
supply of securities available for investment by the Fund. This will affect the
rate at which the Fund is able to invest in emerging market countries, the
purchase and sale prices for such securities and the timing of purchases and
sales. Emerging markets can experience high rates of inflation, deflation and
currency devaluation. The prices of certain securities listed on securities
markets in emerging market countries have been subject to sharp fluctuations and
sudden declines, and no assurance can be given as to the future performance of
listed securities in general. Volatility of prices may be greater than in more
developed securities markets. Moreover, securities markets in emerging market
countries may be closed for extended periods of time or trading on securities
markets may be suspended altogether due to political or civil unrest. Market
volatility may also be heightened by the actions of a small number of investors.
Brokerage firms in emerging market countries may be fewer in number and less
established than brokerage firms in more developed markets. Since the Fund may
need to effect securities transactions through these brokerage firms, the Fund
is subject to the risk that these brokerage firms will not be able to fulfill
their obligations to the Fund. This risk is magnified to the extent the Fund
effects securities transactions through a single brokerage firm or a small
number of brokerage firms. In addition, the infrastructure for the safe custody
of securities and for purchasing and selling securities, settling trades,
collecting dividends, initiating corporate actions, and following corporate
activity is not as well developed in emerging market countries as is the case in
certain more developed markets.
Political
and Economic Risk.
Certain emerging market countries have historically been subject to political
instability and their prospects are tied to the continuation of economic and
political liberalization in the region. Instability may result from factors such
as government or military intervention in decision making, terrorism, civil
unrest, extremism or hostilities between neighboring countries. Any of these
factors, including an outbreak of hostilities could negatively impact the Fund’s
returns. Limited political and democratic freedoms in emerging market countries
might cause significant social unrest. These factors may have a significant
adverse effect on an emerging market country’s economy.
Many
emerging market countries may be heavily dependent upon international trade and,
consequently, may continue to be negatively affected by trade barriers, exchange
controls, managed adjustments in relative currency values and other
protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the countries with which it
trades. They also have been, and may continue to be, adversely affected by
economic conditions in the countries with which they trade.
In
addition, commodities (such as oil, gas and minerals) represent a significant
percentage of certain emerging market countries’ exports and these economies are
particularly sensitive to fluctuations in commodity prices. Adverse economic
events in one country may have a significant adverse effect on other countries
of this region. In addition, most emerging market countries have experienced, at
one time or another, severe and persistent levels of inflation, including, in
some cases, hyperinflation. This has, in turn, led to high interest rates,
extreme measures by governments to keep inflation in check, and a generally
debilitating effect on economic growth.
Although
inflation in many countries has lessened, there is no guarantee it will remain
at lower levels. The political history of certain emerging market countries has
been characterized by political uncertainty, intervention by the military in
civilian and economic spheres, and political corruption. Such events could
reverse favorable trends toward market and economic reform, privatization, and
removal of trade barriers, and result in significant disruption in securities
markets in the region.
Also,
from time to time, certain issuers located in emerging market countries in which
the Fund invests may operate in, or have dealings with, countries subject to
sanctions and/or embargoes imposed by the U.S. Government and the United Nations
and/or countries identified by the U.S. Government as state sponsors of
terrorism. As a result, an issuer may sustain damage to its reputation if it is
identified as an issuer which operates in, or has dealings with, such countries.
The Fund, as an investor in such issuers, will be indirectly subject to those
risks.
The
economies of one or more countries in which the Fund may invest may be in
various states of transition from a planned economy to a more market oriented
economy. The economies of such countries differ from the economies of most
developed countries in many respects, including levels of government
involvement, states of development, growth rates, control of foreign exchange
and allocation of resources. Economic growth in these economies may be uneven
both geographically and among various sectors of their economies and may also be
accompanied by periods of high inflation. Political changes, social instability
and adverse diplomatic developments in these countries could result in the
imposition of additional government restrictions, including expropriation of
assets, confiscatory taxes or nationalization of some or all of the property
held by the underlying issuers of securities of emerging market issuers. There
is no guarantee that the governments of these countries will not revert back to
some form of planned or non-market oriented economy, and such governments
continue to be active participants in many economic sectors through ownership
positions and regulation. The allocation of resources in such countries is
subject to a high level of government control. Such countries’ governments
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may
strictly regulate the payment of foreign currency denominated obligations and
set monetary policy. Through their policies, these governments may provide
preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. The policies set
by the government of one of these countries could have a substantial effect on
that country’s economy.
Investment
and Repatriation Restrictions Risk.
The government in an emerging market country may restrict or control to varying
degrees the ability of foreign investors to invest in securities of issuers
located or operating in such emerging market countries. These restrictions
and/or controls may at times limit or prevent foreign investment in securities
of issuers located or operating in emerging market countries and may inhibit the
Fund’s ability to meet its investment objective. In addition, the Fund may not
be able to buy or sell securities or receive full value for such securities.
Moreover, certain emerging market countries may require governmental approval or
special licenses prior to investments by foreign investors and may limit the
amount of investments by foreign investors in a particular industry and/or
issuer; may limit such foreign investment to a certain class of securities of an
issuer that may have less advantageous rights than the classes available for
purchase by domiciliaries of such emerging market countries; and/or may impose
additional taxes on foreign investors. A delay in obtaining a required
government approval or a license would delay investments in those emerging
market countries, and, as a result, the Fund may not be able to invest in
certain securities while approval is pending. The government of certain emerging
market countries may also withdraw or decline to renew a license that enables
the Fund to invest in such country. These factors make investing in issuers
located or operating in emerging market countries significantly riskier than
investing in issuers located or operating in more developed countries, and any
one of them could cause a decline in the net asset value of the
Fund.
Additionally,
investments in issuers located in certain emerging market countries may be
subject to a greater degree of risk associated with governmental approval in
connection with the repatriation of investment income, capital or the proceeds
of sales of securities by foreign investors. Moreover, there is the risk that if
the balance of payments in an emerging market country declines, the government
of such country may impose temporary restrictions on foreign capital
remittances. Consequently, the Fund could be adversely affected by delays in, or
a refusal to grant, required governmental approval for repatriation of capital,
as well as by the application to the Fund of any restrictions on investments.
Furthermore, investments in emerging market countries may require the Fund to
adopt special procedures, seek local government approvals or take other actions,
each of which may involve additional costs to the Fund.
Limited
Disclosure About Emerging Market Issuers Risk.
Issuers located or operating in emerging market countries are not subject to the
same rules and regulations as issuers located or operating in more developed
countries. Therefore, there may be less financial and other information publicly
available with regard to issuers located or operating in emerging market
countries and such issuers are not subject to the uniform accounting, auditing
and financial reporting standards applicable to issuers located or operating in
more developed countries.
Foreign
Currency Risk Considerations.
The Fund’s assets that are invested in securities of issuers in emerging market
countries will generally be denominated in foreign currencies, and the proceeds
received by the Fund from these investments may be denominated in foreign
currencies. The value of an emerging market country’s currency may be subject to
a high degree of fluctuation. This fluctuation may be due to changes in interest
rates, the effects of monetary policies issued by the United States, foreign
governments, central banks or supranational entities, the imposition of currency
controls or other national or global political or economic developments. The
economies of certain emerging market countries can be significantly affected by
currency devaluations. Certain emerging market countries may also have managed
currencies which are maintained at artificial levels relative to the U.S. dollar
rather than at levels determined by the market. This type of system can lead to
sudden and large adjustments in the currency which, in turn, can have a
disruptive and negative effect on foreign investors.
The
Fund’s exposure to an emerging market country’s currency and changes in value of
such foreign currencies versus the U.S. dollar may reduce the Fund’s investment
performance and the value of your investment in the Fund. Meanwhile, the Fund
will compute and expects to distribute its income in U.S. dollars, and the
computation of income will be made on the date that the income is earned by the
Fund at the foreign exchange rate in effect on that date. Therefore, if the
value of the respective emerging market country’s currency falls relative to the
U.S. dollar between the earning of the income and the time at which the Fund
converts the relevant emerging market country’s currency to U.S. dollars, the
Fund may be required to liquidate certain positions in order to make
distributions if the Fund has insufficient cash in U.S. dollars to meet
distribution requirements under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. The
liquidation of investments, if required, could be at disadvantageous prices or
otherwise have an adverse impact on the Fund’s performance.
Certain
emerging market countries also restrict the free conversion of their currency
into foreign currencies, including the U.S. dollar. There is no significant
foreign exchange market for many such currencies and it would, as a result, be
difficult for the Fund to engage in foreign currency transactions designed to
protect the value of the Fund’s interests in securities denominated in such
currencies. Furthermore, if permitted, the Fund may incur costs in connection
with conversions between U.S. dollars and an emerging market country’s currency.
Foreign exchange dealers realize a profit based on the difference between the
prices at which they are buying and selling various currencies. Thus, a dealer
normally will offer to sell a foreign currency to the Fund at one rate, while
offering a lesser rate of exchange should the Fund desire immediately to resell
that currency to the dealer. The Fund will conduct its foreign currency exchange
transactions either on a spot (i.e.,
cash) basis at the spot rate prevailing in the foreign currency exchange market,
or through entering into forward, futures or options contracts to purchase or
sell foreign currencies.
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Operational
and Settlement Risk.
In addition to having less developed securities markets, emerging market
countries have less developed custody and settlement practices than certain
developed countries. Rules adopted under the Investment Company Act of 1940
permit the Fund to maintain its foreign securities and cash in the custody of
certain eligible non-U.S. banks and securities depositories. Banks in emerging
market countries that are eligible foreign sub-custodians may be recently
organized or otherwise lack extensive operating experience. In addition, in
certain emerging market countries there may be legal restrictions or limitations
on the ability of the Fund to recover assets held in custody by a foreign
sub-custodian in the event of the bankruptcy of the sub-custodian. Because
settlement systems in emerging market countries may be less organized than in
other developed markets, there may be a risk that settlement may be delayed and
that cash or securities of the Fund may be in jeopardy because of failures of or
defects in the systems. Under the laws in many emerging market countries, the
Fund may be required to release local shares before receiving cash payment or
may be required to make cash payment prior to receiving local shares, creating a
risk that the Fund may surrender cash or securities without ever receiving
securities or cash from the other party. Settlement systems in emerging market
countries also have a higher risk of failed trades and back to back settlements
may not be possible.
The
Fund may not be able to convert a foreign currency to U.S. dollars in time for
the settlement of redemption requests effected in cash. In the event that the
Fund is not able to convert the foreign currency to U.S. dollars in time for
settlement, which may occur as a result of the delays described above, the Fund
may be required to liquidate certain investments and/or borrow money in order to
fund such redemption. The liquidation of investments, if required, could be at
disadvantageous prices or otherwise have an adverse impact on the Fund’s
performance (e.g.,
by causing the Fund to overweight foreign currency denominated holdings and
underweight other holdings which were sold to fund redemptions). In addition,
the Fund will incur interest expense on any borrowings and the borrowings will
cause the Fund to be leveraged, which may magnify gains and losses on its
investments.
In
certain emerging market countries, the marketability of investments may be
limited due to the restricted opening hours of trading exchanges, and a
relatively high proportion of market value may be concentrated in the hands of a
relatively small number of investors. In addition, because certain emerging
market countries’ trading exchanges on which the Fund’s portfolio securities may
trade are open when the relevant exchanges are closed, the Fund may be subject
to heightened risk associated with market movements. Trading volume may be lower
on certain emerging market countries’ trading exchanges than on more developed
securities markets and securities may be generally less liquid. The
infrastructure for clearing, settlement and registration on the primary and
secondary markets of certain emerging market countries are less developed than
in certain other markets and under certain circumstances this may result in the
Fund experiencing delays in settling and/or registering transactions in the
markets in which it invests, particularly if the growth of foreign and domestic
investment in certain emerging market countries places an undue burden on such
investment infrastructure. Such delays could affect the speed with which the
Fund can transmit redemption proceeds and may inhibit the initiation and
realization of investment opportunities at optimum times.
Certain
issuers in emerging market countries may utilize share blocking schemes. Share
blocking refers to a practice, in certain foreign markets, where voting rights
related to an issuer’s securities are predicated on these securities being
blocked from trading at the custodian or sub-custodian level for a period of
time around a shareholder meeting. These restrictions have the effect of barring
the purchase and sale of certain voting securities within a specified number of
days before and, in certain instances, after a shareholder meeting where a vote
of shareholders will be taken. Share blocking may prevent the Fund from buying
or selling securities for a period of time. During the time that shares are
blocked, trades in such securities will not settle. The blocking period can last
up to several weeks. The process for having a blocking restriction lifted can be
quite onerous with the particular requirements varying widely by country. In
addition, in certain countries, the block cannot be removed. As a result of the
ramifications of voting ballots in markets that allow share blocking, the
Adviser, on behalf of the Fund, reserves the right to abstain from voting
proxies in those markets.
Corporate
and Securities Laws Risk.
Securities laws in emerging market countries are relatively new and unsettled
and, consequently, there is a risk of rapid and unpredictable change in laws
regarding foreign investment, securities regulation, title to securities and
securityholders rights. Accordingly, foreign investors may be adversely affected
by new or amended laws and regulations. In addition, the systems of corporate
governance to which emerging market issuers are subject may be less advanced
than those systems to which issuers located in more developed countries are
subject, and therefore, securityholders of issuers located in emerging market
countries may not receive many of the protections available to securityholders
of issuers located in more developed countries. In circumstances where adequate
laws and securityholders rights exist, it may not be possible to obtain swift
and equitable enforcement of the law. In addition, the enforcement of systems of
taxation at federal, regional and local levels in emerging market countries may
be inconsistent and subject to sudden change. The Fund has limited rights and
few practical remedies in emerging markets and the ability of U.S. authorities
to bring enforcement actions in emerging markets may be limited.
PRC
Tax Risk.
The application of the tax laws and regulations of the PRC to income, including
capital gains, derived from certain investments of the Fund remains unclear, and
may well continue to evolve, possibly with retroactive effect. Any taxes imposed
on the investments of the Fund pursuant to such laws and regulations will reduce
the Fund’s overall returns.
Medium-Capitalization
Companies Risk.
Medium-capitalization companies may be more volatile and more likely than
large-capitalization companies to have narrower product lines, fewer financial
resources, less management depth and experience and less competitive strength.
In addition, these companies often have greater price volatility, lower trading
volume and less
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liquidity
than larger more established companies. Returns on investments in securities of
medium-capitalization companies could trail the returns on investments in
securities of large-capitalization companies.
Large-Capitalization
Companies Risk.
The Fund may invest in large-capitalization companies and, therefore will be
subject to certain risks associated with large-capitalization companies.
Securities of large-capitalization companies could fall out of favor with the
market and underperform securities of small- or medium-capitalization companies.
Larger, more established companies may be slow to respond to challenges and may
grow more slowly than smaller companies.
Cash
Transactions Risk.
Unlike other ETFs, the Fund expects to effect its creations and redemptions at
least partially for cash, rather than wholly for in-kind securities. Therefore,
it may be required to sell portfolio securities and subsequently incur brokerage
costs and/or recognize gains or losses on such sales that the Fund might not
have recognized if it were to distribute portfolio securities in kind. As such,
investments in Shares may be less tax-efficient than an investment in a
conventional ETF. Transaction costs, including brokerage costs, will decrease
the Fund’s net asset value to the extent not offset by the transaction fee
payable by an Authorized Participant.
Market
Risk.
The prices of securities are subject to the risks associated with investing in
the securities market, including general economic conditions, sudden and
unpredictable drops in value, exchange trading suspensions and closures and
public health risks. These risks may be magnified if certain social, political,
economic and other conditions and events (such as natural disasters, epidemics
and pandemics, terrorism, conflicts, social unrest, recessions, inflation,
interest rate changes, supply chain disruptions, embargoes, tariffs, sanctions
and other trade barriers) adversely interrupt the global economy; in these and
other circumstances, such events or developments might affect companies
world-wide. Overall securities values could decline generally or underperform
other investments. An investment may lose money.
Operational
Risk.
The Fund is exposed to operational risk arising from a number of factors,
including human error, processing and communication errors, errors of the Fund’s
service providers, counterparties or other third-parties, failed or inadequate
processes and technology or system failures.
Index Tracking Risk. The
Fund’s return may not match the return of the Index for a number of reasons. For
example, the Fund incurs operating expenses, including taxes, not applicable to
the Index and incurs costs associated with buying and selling securities and
entering into derivatives transactions (if applicable), especially when
rebalancing the Fund’s securities holdings to reflect changes in the composition
of the Index or (if applicable) raising cash to meet redemptions or deploying
cash in connection with inflows into the Fund. Transaction costs, including
brokerage costs, will decrease the Fund’s net asset value. Conversely, the Fund
may generate earnings through its securities lending activities, which may
increase the Fund’s return relative to the Index.
Market
disruptions and regulatory restrictions could have an adverse effect on the
Fund’s ability to adjust its exposure to the required levels in order to track
the Index. The Index provider may rely on various sources of information to
assess the criteria of components of the Index, including information that may
be based on assumptions and estimates. Errors in the Index data, the Index
computations and/or the construction of the Index in accordance with its
methodology may occur from time to time, and the Index provider may not identify
or correct them promptly or at all, which may have an adverse impact on the Fund
and its shareholders. Shareholders should understand that any gains from the
Index provider’s or others’ errors will be kept by the Fund and its shareholders
and any losses or costs resulting from the Index provider’s or others’ errors
will be borne by the Fund and its shareholders. Additionally, when the Index is
rebalanced and the Fund in turn rebalances its portfolio to attempt to increase
the correlation between the Fund’s portfolio and the Index, any transaction
costs and market exposure arising from such portfolio rebalancing will be borne
directly by the Fund and its shareholders. Apart from scheduled rebalances, the
Index provider or its agents may carry out additional ad hoc rebalances to the
Index. Therefore, errors and additional ad hoc rebalances carried out by the
Index provider or its agents to the Index may increase the costs to and the
tracking error risk of the Fund.
The
Fund may not be fully invested at times either as a result of cash flows into
the Fund or reserves of cash held by the Fund to pay expenses or to meet
redemptions. In addition, the Fund may not invest in certain securities included
in the Index, or invest in them in the exact proportions in which they are
represented in the Index. The Fund’s performance may also deviate from the
return of the Index for various reasons, including legal restrictions or
limitations imposed by the governments of certain countries, certain exchange
listing standards (where applicable), a lack of liquidity in markets in which
such securities trade, potential adverse tax consequences or other regulatory
reasons (such as diversification requirements). To the extent the Fund utilizes
depositary receipts, the purchase of depositary receipts may negatively affect
the Fund’s ability to track the performance of the Index and increase tracking
error, which may be exacerbated if the issuer of the depositary receipt
discontinues issuing new depositary receipts or withdraws existing depositary
receipts.
The
Fund may value certain of its investments, underlying currencies and/or other
assets based on fair value prices. To the extent the Fund calculates its net
asset value based on fair value prices and the value of the Index is based on
securities’ closing prices on local foreign markets (i.e.,
the value of the Index is not based on fair value prices), the Fund’s ability to
track the Index may be adversely affected. In addition, any issues the Fund
encounters with regard to currency convertibility (including the cost of
borrowing funds, if any), repatriation or economic sanctions may also increase
the index tracking risk. The Fund’s performance may also deviate from the
performance of the Index due to the impact of withholding taxes, late
announcements relating to changes to the Index and high turnover of the Index.
When markets are volatile, the ability to sell securities at fair value prices
may be adversely impacted and may result in additional trading costs and/or
increase the index
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tracking
risk. The Fund may also need to rely on borrowings to meet redemptions, which
may lead to increased expenses. For tax efficiency purposes, the Fund may sell
certain securities, and such sale may cause the Fund to realize a loss and
deviate from the performance of the Index. In light of the factors discussed
above, the Fund’s return may deviate significantly from the return of the Index.
Changes to the composition of the Index in connection with a rebalancing or
reconstitution of the Index may cause the Fund to experience increased
volatility, during which time the Fund’s index tracking risk may be heightened.
Authorized
Participant Concentration Risk.
The Fund may have a limited number of Authorized Participants, none of which are
obligated to engage in creation and/or redemption transactions. To the extent
that those Authorized Participants exit the business, or do not process creation
and/or redemption orders, there may be a significantly diminished trading market
for Shares or Shares may trade like closed-end funds at a discount (or premium)
to net asset value and possibly face trading halts and/or de-listing. This can
be reflected as a spread between the bid-ask prices for the Fund. The Authorized
Participant concentration risk may be heightened with respect to certain types
of assets or in cases where Authorized Participants have limited or diminished
access to the capital required to post collateral.
New
Fund Risk.
The Fund is a new fund, with a limited or no operating history and a small asset
base. There can be no assurance that the Fund will grow to or maintain a viable
size. Due to the Fund’s small asset base, certain of the Fund’s expenses and its
portfolio transaction costs may be higher than those of a fund with a larger
asset base. To the extent that the Fund does not grow to or maintain a viable
size, it may be liquidated, and the expenses, timing and tax consequences of
such liquidation may not be favorable to some shareholders.
No
Guarantee of Active Trading Market Risk. There
can be no assurance that an active trading market for the Shares will develop or
be maintained, as applicable. Further, secondary markets may be subject to
irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads and extended trade settlement
periods in times of market stress because market makers and Authorized
Participants may step away from making a market in the Shares and in executing
creation and redemption orders, which could cause a material deviation in the
Fund’s market price from its net asset value.
Trading
Issues Risk.
Trading in shares on the exchange may be halted due to market conditions or for
reasons that, in the view of the exchange, make trading in shares inadvisable.
In addition, trading in shares on the exchange is subject to trading halts
caused by extraordinary market volatility pursuant to the relevant exchange’s
“circuit breaker” rules. If a trading halt or unanticipated early close of the
exchange occurs, a shareholder may be unable to purchase or sell Shares of the
Fund. There can be no assurance that requirements of the exchange necessary to
maintain the listing of the Fund will continue to be met or will remain
unchanged.
Passive
Management Risk.
Unlike many investment companies, the Fund is not “actively” managed. Therefore,
unless a specific security/asset is removed from its Index, the Fund generally
would not sell such a security/asset because the security’s issuer is in
financial trouble. If a specific security/asset is removed from the Fund’s
Index, the Fund may be forced to sell such security/asset at an inopportune time
or for prices other than at current market values. An investment in the Fund
involves risks similar to those of investing in any fund that invests in a
similar asset class, such as market fluctuations caused by such factors as
economic and political developments, changes in interest rates and perceived
trends in security/asset prices. The Fund’s Index may not contain the
appropriate or a diversified mix of securities and/or assets for any particular
economic cycle. The timing of changes in the composition of the Fund’s portfolio
in seeking to track its Index could have a negative effect on the Fund. Unlike
with an actively managed fund, the Adviser does not use techniques or defensive
strategies designed to lessen the effects of market volatility or to reduce the
impact of periods of market decline. Additionally, unusual market conditions may
cause the Fund’s Index provider to postpone a scheduled rebalance or
reconstitution, which could cause the Fund’s Index to vary from its normal or
expected composition. This means that, based on market and economic conditions,
the Fund’s performance could be lower than funds that may actively shift their
portfolio assets to take advantage of market opportunities or to lessen the
impact of a market decline or a decline in the value of one or more issuers.
Fund Shares Trading, Premium/Discount Risk and Liquidity of
Fund Shares. The
market price of the Shares may fluctuate in response to the Fund’s net asset
value, the intraday value of the Fund’s holdings and supply and demand for
Shares. Shares may trade above, below, or at their most recent net asset value.
Factors including disruptions to creations and redemptions, the existence of
market volatility or potential lack of an active trading market for Shares
(including through a trading halt), may result in Shares trading at a
significant premium or discount to net asset value or to the intraday value of
the Fund’s holdings. If a shareholder purchases Shares at a time when the market
price is at a premium to the net asset value or sells Shares at a time when the
market price is at a discount to the net asset value, the shareholder may pay
significantly more or receive significantly less than the underlying value of
the Shares. The securities held by the Fund may be traded in markets that close
at a different time than the exchange on which the Shares are traded. Liquidity
in those securities may be reduced after the applicable closing times.
Accordingly, during the time when the exchange is open but after the applicable
market closing, fixing or settlement times, bid/ask spreads on the exchange and
the resulting premium or discount to the Shares’ net asset value may widen.
Additionally, in stressed market conditions, the market for the Fund’s Shares
may become less liquid in response to deteriorating liquidity in the markets for
the Fund’s underlying portfolio holdings and a shareholder may be unable to sell
his or her Shares.
Non-Diversified
Risk.
The Fund is classified as a “non-diversified” fund under the Investment Company
Act of 1940. The Fund is subject to the risk that it will be more volatile than
a diversified fund because the Fund may invest a relatively high percentage of
its assets in a smaller number of issuers or may invest a larger proportion of
its assets in a single issuer.
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Moreover,
the gains and losses on a single investment may have a greater impact on the
Fund’s net asset value and may make the Fund more volatile than more diversified
funds. The Fund may be particularly vulnerable to this risk if it is comprised
of a limited number of investments.
Index-Related
Concentration Risk. The
Fund’s assets may be concentrated in a particular sector or sectors or industry
or group of industries to reflect the Index’s allocation to such sector or
sectors or industry or group of industries. The securities of many or all of the
companies in the same sector or industry may decline in value due to
developments adversely affecting such sector or industry. By concentrating its
assets in a particular sector or sectors or industry or group of industries, the
Fund is subject to the risk that economic, political or other conditions that
have a negative effect on those sectors and/or industries may negatively impact
the Fund to a greater extent than if the Fund’s assets were invested in a wider
variety of securities.
Issuer-Specific
Changes Risk.
The value of individual securities in the Fund’s portfolio can be more volatile
than the market as a whole and can perform differently from the value of the
market as a whole, which may have a greater impact if the Fund’s portfolio is
concentrated in a country, region, market, industry, sector or asset class. A
change in the financial condition, market perception or the credit rating of an
issuer of securities included in the Fund may cause the value of its securities
to decline.
PERFORMANCE
The
Fund has not yet commenced operations and therefore does not have a performance
history. Once available, the Fund’s performance information will be accessible
on the Fund’s website at www.vaneck.com.
PORTFOLIO
MANAGEMENT
Investment
Adviser.
Van Eck Associates Corporation.
Portfolio
Managers.
The following individuals are jointly and primarily responsible for the
day-to-day management of the Fund’s portfolio:
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| Name |
Title
with Adviser |
Date
Began Managing the Fund |
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[Peter
H. Liao, CFA ] |
Portfolio
Manager |
[
] |
| [
] |
Deputy
Portfolio Manager |
[
] |
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PURCHASE
AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
Individual
Shares of the Fund may only be purchased and sold in secondary market
transactions through a broker or dealer at a market price. Shares of the Fund
are listed on the Exchange, and because Shares trade at market prices rather
than net asset value, Shares of the Fund may trade at a price greater than net
asset value (i.e.,
a “premium”) or less than net asset value (i.e.,
a “discount”).
An
investor may incur costs attributable to the difference between the highest
price a buyer is willing to pay to purchase Shares of the Fund (bid) and the
lowest price a seller is willing to accept for Shares (ask) when buying or
selling Shares in the secondary market (the “bid-ask spread”).
Recent
information, including information about the Fund’s net asset value, market
price, premiums and discounts, and bid-ask spreads, is included on the Fund’s
website at www.vaneck.com.
TAX
INFORMATION
Unless
your investment in the Fund is through a tax-exempt entity or tax-deferred
retirement account, such as a 401(k) plan, the Fund’s distributions (other than
return of capital distributions) are taxable and will generally be taxed as
ordinary income or capital gains. Any return of capital will reduce the
shareholder's basis in their Fund Shares, reducing any loss or increasing any
gain on a subsequent taxable disposition of Shares.
PAYMENTS
TO BROKER-DEALERS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
The
Adviser and its related companies may pay broker-dealers or other financial
intermediaries (such as a bank) for the sale of the Fund Shares and related
services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing your
broker-dealer or other intermediary or its employees or associated persons to
recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your financial adviser or visit
your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
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| ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUND’S INVESTMENT STRATEGIES AND
RISKS |
PRINCIPAL
INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
The
Fund normally invests at least 80% of its total assets in securities that
comprise the Fund’s benchmark index. For purposes of this policy, the term
“assets” means net assets plus the amount of any borrowings for investment
purposes.
The
Index is a rules-based, modified capitalization-weighted, float-adjusted index
intended to track the performance of 25 of the largest and most liquid Chinese
companies in the semiconductor industry. The Index includes common stocks and
depositary receipts of companies that are headquartered or incorporated in China
or Hong Kong and that generate at least 50% of their revenues from the
semiconductor segment. Semiconductor companies include those engaged primarily
in the production of semiconductors and/or semiconductor equipment.
From
the 50 largest eligible companies by full market capitalization, the 25 highest
ranked securities based on a combined ranking of free-float market
capitalization and three-month average daily trading volume are selected for
inclusion in the Index.
As
of [ ], the Index included 25 securities of companies with a market
capitalization range of between approximately $[ ] and $[ ] and a weighted
average market capitalization of $[ ]. These amounts are subject to change. The
Fund’s 80% investment policy is non-fundamental and may be changed without
shareholder approval upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The
Index is published by MarketVector Indexes GmbH (the “Index Provider”), which is
a wholly owned subsidiary of the Adviser. The Index is reconstituted
semi-annually and rebalanced quarterly.
The
Fund, using a “passive” or indexing investment approach, attempts to approximate
the investment performance of the Index by investing in a portfolio of
securities that generally tracks the Index. Unlike many investment companies
that try to “beat” the performance of a benchmark index, the Fund does not try
to “beat” the Index and does not seek temporary defensive positions that are
inconsistent with its investment objective of seeking to track the
Index.
The
Fund will seek to achieve its investment objective by primarily investing
directly in A-shares. A-shares are issued by companies incorporated in the
People’s Republic of China (“China” or the “PRC”). A-shares are traded in
renminbi (“RMB”) on the Shenzhen or Shanghai Stock Exchanges. The A-share market
in China is made available to domestic PRC investors and foreign investors
through the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect Program and the Shenzhen-Hong Kong
Stock Connect Program (together, “Stock Connect”). The Fund intends to invest
directly in A-shares via Stock Connect, as described below. Stock Connect is a
securities trading and clearing program between the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock
Exchanges, the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited, China Securities Depository
and Clearing Corporation Limited (“CSDCC”) and Hong Kong Securities Clearing
Company Limited (“HKSCC”), Stock Connect is designed to permit mutual stock
market access between mainland China and Hong Kong by allowing investors to
trade and settle shares on each market via their local exchanges. Other
exchanges in China may participate in Stock Connect in the future. Purchases of
A-shares through Stock Connect are subject to a daily quota at the market-level
and can only be utilized on a first-come-first-serve basis. Once the daily quota
is exceeded, buy orders will be rejected. Accordingly, the Fund's investments in
A-shares via Stock Connect will be subject to the above mentioned daily quota
limits on daily net purchases.
The
Fund is classified as a non-diversified fund under the Investment Company Act of
1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act of 1940”), and, therefore may
invest a greater percentage of its assets in a particular issuer. The Fund may
concentrate its investments in a particular industry or group of industries to
the extent that the Index concentrates in an industry or group of industries. As
of [ ], [the semiconductor sector] represented a significant portion of the
Fund.
The
Adviser anticipates that, generally, the Fund will hold or gain exposure to all
of the securities that track and/or comprise the Index in proportion to their
weightings in the Index. However, to the extent it is not possible or
practicable to purchase all of those securities in those weightings, the Fund
may purchase a sample of securities in the Index. The Adviser may also choose to
underweight or overweight a security in the Index, purchase securities not in
the Index that the Adviser believes are appropriate to substitute for certain
securities in the Index, or utilize various combinations of other available
investment techniques in seeking to track as closely as possible, before fees
and expenses, the price and yield performance of the Index. The Fund may sell
securities that are represented in the Index in anticipation of their removal
from the Index or purchase securities not represented in the Index in
anticipation of their addition to the Index. The Fund may also, in order to
comply with tax diversification requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of
1986, as amended (the "Internal Revenue Code") temporarily invest in securities
not included in the Index that are expected to be highly correlated with the
securities included in the Index.
FUNDAMENTAL
AND NON-FUNDAMENTAL POLICIES
The
Fund’s investment objective and each of its other investment policies are
non-fundamental policies that may be changed by the Board of Trustees of the
Trust (the “Board of Trustees”) of VanEck ETF Trust (the “Trust”) without
shareholder approval, except as noted in this Prospectus or the Statement of
Additional Information (“SAI”) under the section entitled “Investment Policies
and Restrictions— Investment Restrictions.”
RISKS
OF INVESTING IN THE FUND
The
following section provides additional information regarding the principal risks
identified under “Principal Risks of Investing in the Fund” in the Fund’s
“Summary Information” section followed by additional risk information. See also
the Fund's SAI for information on certain other investments in which the Fund
may invest and other investment techniques in which the Fund may engage from
time to time and related risks.
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Investors
in the Fund should be willing to accept a high degree of volatility in the price
of the Fund’s Shares and the possibility of significant losses. An investment in
the Fund involves a substantial degree of risk. An investment in the Fund is not
a deposit with a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation or any other government agency. Therefore, you should
consider carefully the following risks before investing in the Fund, each of
which could significantly and adversely affect the value of an investment in the
Fund.
Semiconductor
Industry Risk.
Competitive pressures may have a significant effect on the financial condition
of companies in the semiconductor industry. The Fund is subject to the risk that
companies that are in the semiconductor industry may be similarly affected by
particular economic or market events, which may, in certain circumstances, cause
the value of securities of all companies in the semiconductor industry of the
market to decrease. As product cycles shorten and manufacturing capacity
increases, these companies may become increasingly subject to aggressive
pricing, which hampers profitability. The Fund is also subject to the risk that
the securities of such issuers will underperform the market as a whole due to
legislative or regulatory changes. Additionally, semiconductor companies are
vulnerable to wide fluctuations in securities prices due to rapid product
obsolescence. Many semiconductor companies may not successfully introduce new
products, develop and maintain a loyal customer base or achieve general market
acceptance for their products, and failure to do so could have a material
adverse effect on their business, results of operations and financial condition.
Reduced demand for end-user products, underutilization of manufacturing
capacity, limited personnel, periods of production shortages, significant price
erosion, a limited number of products, wide fluctuations in securities prices
due to risks of rapid obsolescence of products, economic performance of the
customers of semiconductor companies and other factors could adversely impact
the operating results of companies in the semiconductor industry. Semiconductor
companies typically face high capital costs and such companies may need
additional financing, which may be difficult to obtain. Semiconductor companies
depend significantly on third-party suppliers and the availability of raw
materials and may be adversely affected by supply chain disruptions. In
addition, their capital equipment could suffer from rapid obsolescence. Some of
the companies involved in the semiconductor industry are also engaged in other
lines of business unrelated to the semiconductor business, and they may
experience problems with these lines of business, which could adversely affect
their operating results. The international operations of many semiconductor
companies expose them to risks associated with instability and changes in
economic and political conditions, foreign currency fluctuations, changes in
foreign regulations, competition from subsidized foreign competitors with lower
production costs, tariffs and trade disputes and other risks inherent to
international business. The semiconductor industry is highly cyclical, which may
cause the operating results of many semiconductor companies to vary
significantly. Companies in the semiconductor industry also may be subject to
competition from new market entrants, both domestically and internationally,
including competition from foreign competitors with lower production costs. The
stock prices of companies in the semiconductor industry have been and will
likely continue to be extremely volatile compared to the overall
market.
Semiconductor
manufacturing processes are highly complex, costly and potentially vulnerable to
impurities and other disruptions that can significantly increase costs and delay
product shipments to customers. Many semiconductor companies rely on a single
supplier or a limited number of suppliers for the parts and raw materials used
in their products, and if quality parts and materials are not delivered by the
suppliers on a timely basis, these companies will not be able to manufacture and
deliver their products on a timely schedule which could adversely affect their
financial condition.
Semiconductor
design and process methodologies are subject to rapid technological change
requiring large expenditures for research and development in order to improve
product performance and increase manufacturing yields. Semiconductor companies
also may be subject to risks relating to research and development costs and the
availability and price of components. Many semiconductor companies have created
new technologies for the semiconductor sector and currently rely on a limited
number of customers as purchasers of their products and services. Semiconductor
companies rely on a combination of patents, trade secret laws and contractual
provisions to protect their technologies. Inability to adequately protect
proprietary rights may harm the competitive positions of many semiconductor
companies. Additionally, semiconductor companies may be subject to claims of
infringement of third party intellectual property rights, which could adversely
affect their business. Many semiconductor companies are dependent on their
ability to continue to attract and retain highly skilled technical and
managerial personnel to develop and generate their business.
Certain
companies in which the Fund may invest are non-U.S. issuers whose securities are
listed on U.S. exchanges. These securities involve risks beyond those associated
with investments in U.S. securities, including greater market volatility, higher
transactional costs, the possibility that the liquidity of such securities could
be impaired because of future political and/or economic developments, taxation
by foreign governments, political instability, the possibility that foreign
governmental restrictions may be adopted which might adversely affect such
securities and that the selection of such securities may be more difficult
because there may be less publicly available information concerning such
non-U.S. issuers or the accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards,
practices and requirements applicable to non-U.S. issuers may differ from those
applicable to U.S. issuers.
[Information
Technology Sector Risk.
The Fund may be sensitive to, and its performance may depend to a greater extent
on, the overall condition of the information technology sector. Information
technology companies face intense competition, both domestically and
internationally, which may have an adverse effect on profit margins. Information
technology companies may have limited product lines, markets, financial
resources or personnel. The products of information technology companies may
face product obsolescence due to frequent new product introduction,
unpredictable changes in growth rates and competition for the services of
qualified personnel. They may face unexpected risks and costs associated with
technological developments,
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such
as artificial intelligence and machine learning. Failure to introduce new
products, develop and maintain a loyal customer base, or achieve general market
acceptance for their products could have a material adverse effect on a
company’s business. Further, many companies involved in, or exposed to,
artificial intelligence-related businesses may be substantially exposed to the
market and business risks of other industries or sectors, and the Fund may be
adversely affected by negative developments impacting those companies,
industries or sectors. Companies in the information technology sector are
heavily dependent on patent protection and the expiration of patents may
adversely affect the profitability of these companies. In addition, information
technology may face increased government scrutiny and may be subject to adverse
government or legal action. ]
Equity Securities Risk. The
value of the equity securities held by the Fund may fall due to general market
and economic conditions, perceptions regarding the markets in which the issuers
of securities held by the Fund participate, or factors relating to specific
issuers in which the Fund invests. For example, an adverse event, such as an
unfavorable earnings report, may result in a decline in the value of equity
securities of an issuer held by the Fund; the price of the equity securities of
an issuer may be particularly sensitive to general movements in the securities
markets; or a drop in the securities markets may depress the price of most or
all of the equities securities held by the Fund. In addition, the equity
securities of an issuer in the Fund’s portfolio may decline in price if the
issuer fails to make anticipated dividend payments. Equity securities are
subordinated to preferred securities and debt in a company’s capital structure
with respect to priority to a share of corporate income, and therefore will be
subject to greater dividend risk than preferred securities or debt instruments.
In addition, while broad market measures of equity securities have historically
generated higher average returns than fixed income securities, equity securities
have generally also experienced significantly more volatility in those
returns.
Depositary Receipts
Risk. The
Fund may invest in depositary receipts (including American Depositary Receipts),
which involve similar risks to those associated with investments in foreign
securities. Depositary receipts are receipts listed on U.S. or foreign exchanges
issued by banks or trust companies that entitle the holder to all dividends and
capital gains that are paid out on the underlying foreign shares. The issuers of
certain depositary receipts are under no obligation to distribute shareholder
communications to the holders of such receipts, or to pass through to them any
voting rights with respect to the deposited securities. Investments in
depositary receipts may be less liquid than the underlying shares in their
primary trading market. The issuers of depositary receipts may discontinue
issuing new depositary receipts and withdraw existing depositary receipts at any
time, which may result in costs and delays in the distribution of the underlying
assets to the Fund and may negatively impact the Fund’s
performance.
Foreign
Securities Risk.
Investments in the securities of foreign issuers involve risks beyond those
associated with investments in U.S. securities. These additional risks include
greater market volatility, the availability of less reliable financial
information, less stringent investor protections and disclosure standards,
higher transactional and custody costs, taxation by foreign governments,
decreased market liquidity and political instability. Because certain foreign
securities markets may be limited in size, the activity of large traders may
have an undue influence on the prices of securities that trade in such markets.
The Fund invests in securities of issuers located in countries whose economies
are heavily dependent upon trading with key partners. Any reduction in this
trading may have an adverse impact on the Fund’s investments. Certain foreign
markets may rely heavily on particular industries or foreign capital and are
more vulnerable to diplomatic developments (including regional and global,
military or other conflicts), the imposition of economic sanctions against a
particular country or countries, organizations, companies, entities and/or
individuals, changes in international trading patterns, trade barriers
(including tariffs) and other protectionist or retaliatory measures. Investments
in foreign markets may also be adversely affected by governmental interventions
or other actions such as the imposition of capital controls, nationalization of
companies or industries, expropriation of assets or the imposition of punitive
taxes. The cost of investing in foreign securities, including brokerage
commissions and custodial expenses, can be higher than the cost of investing in
domestic securities. Foreign market trading hours, clearance and settlement
procedures, and holiday schedules may limit the Fund's ability to buy and sell
securities.
Certain
foreign markets that have historically been considered relatively stable may
become volatile in response to changed conditions or new developments. Increased
interconnectivity of world economies and financial markets increases the
possibility that adverse developments and conditions in one country or region
will affect the stability of economies and financial markets in other countries
or regions. Certain Funds may invest in securities denominated in foreign
currencies and some of the income received by the Fund may be in foreign
currencies, changes in currency exchange rates may negatively impact the Fund’s
return.
Foreign
issuers are often subject to less stringent requirements regarding accounting,
auditing, financial reporting and record keeping than are U.S. issuers, and
therefore, not all material information may be available or reliable. Securities
exchanges or foreign governments may adopt rules or regulations that may
negatively impact the Fund’s ability to invest in foreign securities or may
prevent the Fund from repatriating its investments. The Fund may also invest in
depositary receipts which involve similar risks to those associated with
investments in foreign securities. In addition, the Fund may not receive
shareholder communications or be permitted to vote the securities that it holds,
as the issuers may be under no legal obligation to distribute shareholder
communications.
The
United States and other nations or international organizations may impose
economic sanctions or take other actions that may adversely affect issuers of
specific countries. Economic sanctions could, among other things, effectively
restrict or eliminate the Fund’s ability to purchase or sell securities or
groups of securities for a substantial period of time, and may make
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the
Fund’s investments in such securities harder to value. These sanctions, any
future sanctions or other actions, or even the threat of further sanctions or
other actions, may negatively affect the value and liquidity of the
Fund.
Also,
certain issuers located in foreign countries in which the Fund invests may
operate in, or have dealings with, countries subject to sanctions and/or
embargoes imposed by the U.S. Government and the United Nations and/or countries
identified by the U.S. Government as state sponsors of terrorism. As a result,
an issuer may sustain damage to its reputation if it is identified as an issuer
which operates in, or has dealings with, such countries. The Fund, as an
investor in such issuers, will be indirectly subject to those
risks.
Foreign Currency Risk. Because
all or a portion of the income received by the Fund from its investments and/or
the revenues received by the underlying issuers will generally be denominated in
foreign currencies, the Fund’s exposure to foreign currencies and changes in the
value of foreign currencies versus the U.S. dollar may result in reduced returns
for the Fund, and the value of certain foreign currencies may be subject to a
high degree of fluctuation. The Fund may also (directly or indirectly) incur
costs in connection with conversions between U.S. dollars and foreign
currencies.
Special
Risk Considerations of Investing in China.
Investments in securities of Chinese issuers involve risks and special
considerations not typically associated with investments in the U.S. securities
markets, including the following:
Political
and Economic Risk.
The economy of China, which has been in a state of transition from a planned
economy to a more market oriented economy, differs from the economies of most
developed countries in many respects, including the level of government
involvement, its state of development, its growth rate, control of foreign
exchange, and allocation of resources. Although the majority of productive
assets in China are still owned by the PRC government at various levels, in
recent years, the PRC government has implemented economic reform measures
emphasizing utilization of market forces in the development of the economy of
China and a high level of management autonomy. The economy of China has
experienced significant growth in the past 30 years, but growth has been uneven
both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. Economic growth
has also been accompanied by periods of high inflation. The PRC government has
implemented various measures from time to time to control inflation and restrain
the rate of economic growth.
For
more than 30 years, the PRC government has carried out economic reforms to
achieve decentralization and utilization of market forces to develop the economy
of the PRC. These reforms have resulted in significant economic growth and
social progress. There can, however, be no assurance that the PRC government
will continue to pursue such economic policies or, if it does, that those
policies will continue to be successful. Any such adjustment and modification of
those economic policies may have an adverse impact on the securities market in
the PRC as well as the underlying securities of the Fund’s Index. Further, the
PRC government may from time to time adopt corrective measures to control the
growth of the PRC economy which may also have an adverse impact on the capital
growth and performance of the Fund.
Political
changes, social instability and adverse diplomatic developments in the PRC could
result in the imposition of additional government restrictions including
expropriation of assets, confiscatory taxes or nationalization of some or all of
the property held by the issuers of the Fund’s A-share investments.
Market
volatility caused by potential regional or territorial conflicts or natural or
other disasters, may have an adverse impact on the performance of the Fund. For
example, any escalation of hostility between Mainland China and Taiwan would
likely have a significant adverse impact on the value and liquidity of the
Fund’s investments in both Mainland China and elsewhere, causing substantial
investment losses for the Fund.
The
laws, regulations, government policies and political and economic climate in
China may change with little or no advance notice. Any such change could
adversely affect market conditions and the performance of the Chinese economy
and, thus, the value of the A-shares in the Fund’s portfolio.
Since
1949, the PRC has been a socialist state controlled by the Communist party.
China has only recently opened up to foreign investment and has only begun to
permit private economic activity. There is no guarantee that the Chinese
government will not revert from its current open-market economy to the economic
policy of central planning that it implemented prior to 1978.
Under
the economic reforms implemented by the Chinese government, the Chinese economy
has experienced tremendous growth, developing into one of the largest economies
in the world. There is no assurance, however, that such growth will be sustained
in the future.
The
Chinese government continues to be an active participant in many economic
sectors through ownership positions and regulation. The allocation of resources
in China is subject to a high level of government control. The Chinese
government strictly regulates the payment of foreign currency denominated
obligations and sets monetary policy. Through its policies, the government may
provide preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. The
policies set by the government could have a substantial adverse effect on the
Chinese economy and the Fund’s investments.
The
Chinese economy is export-driven and highly reliant on trade, and much of
China’s growth in recent years has been the result of focused investments in
economic sectors intended to produce goods and services for export purposes. The
performance of the Chinese economy may differ favorably or unfavorably from the
U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross domestic product, rate of
inflation, currency revaluation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency
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and
balance of payments position. Adverse changes to the economic conditions of its
primary trading partners, such as the United States, Japan and South Korea,
would adversely impact the Chinese economy and the Fund’s investments.
International trade tensions involving China and its trading counterparties may
arise from time to time which can result in trade tariffs, embargoes, sanctions,
investment restrictions, trade limitations, trade wars and other negative
consequences. Such actions and consequences may ultimately result in a
significant reduction in international trade, an oversupply of certain
manufactured goods, devaluations of existing inventories and potentially the
failure of individual companies and/or large segments of China’s export industry
with a potentially severe negative impact to the Fund.
Moreover,
the current slowdown or any future recessions in other significant economies of
the world, such as the United States, the European Union and certain Asian
countries, may adversely affect economic growth in China. An economic downturn
in China would adversely impact the Fund’s investments.
Inflation.
Economic growth in China has also historically been accompanied by periods of
high inflation. Rising inflation may, in the future, adversely affect the
performance of the Chinese economy and the Fund’s investments.
Tax
Changes.
The Chinese system of taxation is not as well settled as that of the United
States. China has implemented a number of tax reforms in recent years and may
amend or revise its existing tax laws and/or procedures in the future, possibly
with retroactive effect. Changes in applicable Chinese tax law, such as the
cessation of tax exemptions in respect of investments in A-Shares via Stock
Connect, could reduce the after-tax profits of the Fund, directly or indirectly,
including by reducing the after-tax profits of companies in China in which the
Fund invests. Uncertainties in Chinese tax rules could result in unexpected tax
liabilities for the Fund. Should legislation limit U.S. investors’ ability to
invest in specific Chinese companies through A-shares or other share class
listings that are part of the underlying holdings, these shares may be excluded
from Fund holdings. In addition, changes in the Chinese tax system may have
retroactive effects.
Nationalization
and Expropriation.
After the formation of the Chinese socialist state in 1949, the Chinese
government renounced various debt obligations and nationalized private assets
without providing any form of compensation. There can be no assurance that the
Chinese government will not take similar actions in the future. Accordingly, an
investment in the Fund involves a risk of a total loss.
Hong
Kong Policy.
As part of Hong Kong’s transition from British to Chinese sovereignty in 1997,
China agreed to allow Hong Kong to maintain a high degree of autonomy with
regard to its political, legal and economic systems for a period of at least 50
years. China controls matters that relate to defense and foreign affairs. Under
the agreement, China does not tax Hong Kong, does not limit the exchange of the
Hong Kong dollar for foreign currencies and does not place restrictions on free
trade in Hong Kong. However, there is no guarantee that China will continue to
honor the agreement, and China may change its policies regarding Hong Kong at
any time. As of July 2020, the Chinese Standing Committee of the National
People's Congress enacted the Law of the People's Republic of China on
Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
As of the same month, Hong Kong is no longer afforded preferential economic
treatment by the United States under US law, and there is uncertainty as to how
the economy of Hong Kong will be affected. Any further changes in PRC’s policies
could adversely affect market conditions and the performance of the Hong Kong
economy and, thus, the value of securities in the Fund’s portfolio.
Any
such change could adversely affect market conditions and the performance of the
Chinese economy and, thus, the value of securities in the Fund’s portfolio.
Furthermore, as demonstrated by Hong Kong protests in recent years over
political, economic, and legal freedoms, and the Chinese government's response
to them, there continues to exist political uncertainty within Hong
Kong.
Chinese
Securities Markets.
The securities markets in China have a limited operating history and are not as
developed as those in the United States. These markets tend to have had greater
volatility than markets in the United States and some other countries. In
addition, there is less regulation and monitoring of Chinese securities markets
and the activities of investors, brokers and other participants than in the
United States. Accordingly, issuers of securities in China are not subject to
the same degree of regulation as are U.S. issuers with respect to such matters
as insider trading rules, tender offer regulation, stockholder proxy
requirements and the requirements mandating timely disclosure of information.
During periods of significant market volatility, the Chinese government has,
from time to time, intervened in its domestic securities markets to a greater
degree than would be typical in more developed markets. Stock markets in China
are in the process of change and further development. This may lead to trading
volatility, unpredictable trading suspensions, difficulty in the settlement and
recording of transactions and difficulty in interpreting and applying the
relevant regulations. These risks may be more pronounced for the A-share market
than for Chinese securities markets generally because the A-share market is
subject to greater government restrictions and control, including trading
suspensions, as described in greater detail above.
Available
Disclosure About Chinese Companies.
Disclosure and regulatory standards in emerging market countries, such as China,
are in many respects less stringent than U.S. standards. There is substantially
less publicly available information about Chinese issuers than there is about
U.S. issuers. Therefore, disclosure of certain material information may not be
made, and less information may be available to the Fund and other investors than
would be the case if the Fund’s investments were restricted to securities of
U.S. issuers. Chinese issuers are subject to accounting, auditing and financial
standards and requirements that differ, in some cases significantly, from those
applicable to U.S. issuers. In particular, the assets and profits appearing on
the financial statements of a Chinese issuer may not reflect its financial
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position
or results of operations in the way they would be reflected had such financial
statements been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles.
Chinese
Corporate and Securities Law.
The Fund’s rights with respect to its investments in A-shares through Stock
Connect will not be governed by U.S. law, and instead will be governed by
Chinese law. China operates under a civil law system, in which court precedent
is not binding. Because there is no binding precedent to interpret existing
statutes, there is uncertainty regarding the implementation of existing
law.
Legal
principles relating to corporate affairs and the validity of corporate
procedures, directors’ fiduciary duties and liabilities and stockholders’ rights
often differ from those that may apply in the United States and other countries.
Chinese laws providing protection to investors, such as laws regarding the
fiduciary duties of officers and directors, are undeveloped and will not provide
investors, such as the Fund, with protection in all situations where protection
would be provided by comparable law in the United States. China lacks a national
set of laws that address all issues that may arise with regard to a foreign
investor such as the Fund.
It
may therefore be difficult for the Fund to enforce its rights as an investor
under Chinese corporate and securities laws, and it may be difficult or
impossible for the Fund to obtain a judgment in court. Moreover, as Chinese
corporate and securities laws continue to develop, these developments may
adversely affect foreign investors, such as the Fund.
Special
Risk Considerations of Investing in Chinese-Issued A-shares. The
Fund’s investments in A-shares via Stock Connect are limited by the market-wide
quotas imposed by Stock Connect. Currently, there are two stock exchanges in
mainland China, the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges, and there is one
stock exchange in Hong Kong. The Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges are
supervised by the China Securities Regulatory Commission and are highly
automated with trading and settlement executed electronically. The Shanghai and
Shenzhen Stock Exchanges are more volatile than the major securities markets in
the United States. In comparison to the mainland Chinese securities markets, the
securities markets in Hong Kong are relatively well developed and active.
The
Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges divide listed shares into two classes:
A-shares and B-shares. Companies whose shares are traded on the Shanghai and
Shenzhen Stock Exchanges that are incorporated in mainland China may issue both
A-shares and B-shares. In China, the A-shares and B-shares of an issuer may only
trade on one exchange. A-shares and B-shares may both be listed on either the
Shanghai or Shenzhen Stock Exchanges. Both classes represent an ownership
interest comparable to a share of common stock and all shares are entitled to
substantially the same rights and benefits associated with ownership. A-shares
are traded on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges in RMB.
Because
restrictions continue to exist and capital therefore cannot flow freely into the
A-share market, it is possible that in the event of a market disruption, the
liquidity of the A-share market and trading prices of A-shares could be more
severely affected than the liquidity and trading prices of markets where
securities are freely tradable and capital therefore flows more freely. The Fund
cannot predict the nature or duration of such a market disruption or the impact
that it may have on the A-share market and the short-term and long-term
prospects of its investments in the A-share market.
The
Chinese government has in the past taken actions that benefited holders of
A-shares. As A-shares become more available to foreign investors, such as the
Fund, the Chinese government may be less likely to take action that would
benefit holders of A-shares.
From
time to time, certain of the companies in which the Fund expects to invest may
operate in, or have dealings with, countries subject to sanctions or embargoes
imposed by the U.S. Government and the United Nations and/or countries
identified by the U.S. Government as state sponsors of terrorism. A company may
suffer damage to its reputation if it is identified as a company which operates
in, or has dealings with, countries subject to sanctions or embargoes imposed by
the U.S. Government and the United Nations and/or countries identified by the
U.S. Government as state sponsors of terrorism. As an investor in such
companies, the Fund will be indirectly subject to those risks.
Investment
and Repatriation Restrictions. Investments
by the Fund in A-shares and other Chinese financial instruments regulated by the
China Securities Regulatory Commission, including warrants and open- and
closed-end investment companies, are subject to governmental limits on the
classes of securities in which the Fund may invest.
The
Chinese government limits foreign investment in the securities of certain
Chinese issuers entirely if foreign investment is banned in respect of the
industry in which the relevant Chinese issuers are conducting their business.
These restrictions or limitations may have adverse effects on the liquidity and
performance of the Fund holdings as compared to the performance of its Index.
This may increase the risk of tracking error and may adversely affect the Fund’s
ability to pursue its investment objective.
Risk
of Loss of Favorable U.S. Tax Treatment.
The Fund intends to distribute annually all or substantially all of its
investment company taxable income and net capital gain. However, if the Fund
does not repatriate funds associated with direct investment in A-shares on a
timely basis, it may be unable to satisfy the distribution requirements required
to qualify for the favorable tax treatment otherwise generally afforded to
regulated investment companies under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. If the
Fund fails to qualify for any taxable year as a regulated investment company,
the Fund would be treated as a corporation subject to U.S. federal income tax,
thereby subjecting any income earned by the Fund to tax at the corporate level
(currently at a 21% U.S. federal tax rate) and, when such income is distributed,
to a further tax at the
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shareholder
level to the extent of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits.
In addition, the Fund would not be eligible for a deduction for dividends paid
to shareholders. In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized
gains, pay taxes and make distributions (any of which could be subject to
interest charges) before re-qualifying for taxation as a regulated investment
company. See below under “Shareholder Information—Tax Information—Taxes on
Distributions” for more information.
Tax
on Retained Income and Gains.
To the extent the Fund does not distribute to shareholders all of its investment
company taxable income and net capital gain in a given year, it will be required
to pay U.S. federal income and excise tax on the retained income and gains,
thereby reducing the Fund’s return. The Fund may elect to treat its net capital
gain as having been distributed to shareholders. In that case, shareholders of
record on the last day of the Fund’s taxable year will be required to include
their attributable share of the retained gain in income for the year as a
long-term capital gain despite not actually receiving the dividend, and will be
entitled to a tax credit or refund for the tax deemed paid on their behalf by
the Fund as well as an increase in the basis of their shares to reflect the
difference between their attributable share of the gain and the related credit
or refund.
Foreign
Exchange Control.
The Chinese government heavily regulates the domestic exchange of foreign
currencies within China. Chinese law requires that all domestic transactions
must be settled in RMB, places significant restrictions on the remittance of
foreign currency and strictly regulates currency exchange from RMB. These
restrictions may adversely affect the Fund and its investments. There may not be
sufficient amounts of RMB for the Fund to be fully invested. It should also be
noted that the PRC government’s policies on exchange control and repatriation
restrictions are subject to change, and any such change may adversely impact the
Fund. There can be no assurance that the RMB exchange rate will not fluctuate
widely against the US dollar or any other foreign currency in the future. Under
exceptional circumstances, payment of redemptions and/or dividend payment in RMB
may be delayed due to the exchange controls and restrictions applicable to
RMB.
Custody
Risks of Investing in A-shares. Custody
arrangements for investments in China are subject to the rules and regulations
of the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the People’s Bank of China,
which may materially differ from custody arrangements in other jurisdictions.
The Fund’s investments in China are subject to the risks of such arrangements,
including the risk of a liquidation or bankruptcy by the PRC sub-custodian,
which may result in losses to the Fund.
Foreign
Currency Considerations.
Emerging markets such as China can experience high rates of inflation, deflation
and currency devaluation. The value of the RMB may be subject to a high degree
of fluctuation due to, among other things, changes in interest rates, the
effects of monetary policies issued by the PRC, the United States, foreign
governments, central banks or supranational entities, the imposition of currency
controls or other national or global political or economic developments. The
Fund invests a significant portion of its assets in investments denominated in
RMB and the income received by the Fund will principally be in RMB. The Fund’s
exposure to the RMB and changes in value of the RMB versus the U.S. dollar may
result in reduced returns for the Fund. Moreover, the Fund may incur costs in
connection with conversions between U.S. dollars and RMB. The RMB is currently
not a freely convertible currency. The value of the RMB is based on a managed
floating exchange rate based on market supply and demand with reference to a
basket of foreign currencies. The daily trading price of the RMB is allowed to
float within a narrow band around the central parity published by the People’s
Bank of China. The Chinese government’s imposition of restrictions on the
repatriation of RMB out of mainland China may limit the depth of the offshore
RMB market and reduce the liquidity of the Fund’s investments. These
restrictions as well as any accelerated appreciation or depreciation of RMB may
adversely affect the Fund and its investments. The Fund may be required to
liquidate certain positions in order to make distributions if the Fund has
insufficient cash in U.S. dollars to meet distribution requirements under the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986 due to currency convertibility. The liquidation of
investments, if required, may also have an adverse impact on the Fund’s
performance.
Furthermore,
the Fund may incur costs in connection with conversions between U.S. dollars and
RMB. Foreign exchange dealers realize a profit based on the difference between
the prices at which they are buying and selling various currencies. Thus, a
dealer normally will offer to sell a foreign currency to the Fund at one rate,
while offering a lesser rate of exchange should the Fund desire immediately to
resell that currency to the dealer. The Fund will conduct its foreign currency
exchange transactions either on a spot (i.e.,
cash) basis at the spot rate prevailing in the foreign currency exchange market,
or through entering into forward, futures or options contracts to purchase or
sell foreign currencies.
RMB
can be further categorized into onshore RMB (CNY), which can be traded only in
the PRC, and offshore RMB (CNH), which can be traded outside the PRC. CNY and
CNH are traded at different exchange rates and their exchange rates may not move
in the same direction. The Fund may also be adversely affected by the exchange
rates between CNY and CNH. In addition, there may not be sufficient amounts of
RMB for the Fund to be fully invested. Moreover, the trading and settlement of
RMB-denominated securities are recent developments in Hong Kong and there is no
assurance that problems will not be encountered with the systems or that other
logistical problems will not arise.
Currently,
there is no market in China in which the Fund may engage in hedging transactions
to minimize RMB foreign exchange risk, and there can be no guarantee that
instruments suitable for hedging currency will be available to the Fund in China
at any time in the future. In the event that in the future it becomes possible
to hedge RMB currency risk in China,
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the
Fund may seek to protect the value of some portion or all of its portfolio
holdings against currency risks by engaging in hedging transactions. In that
case, such Fund may enter into forward currency exchange contracts and currency
futures contracts and options on such futures contracts, as well as purchase put
or call options on currencies, in China. Currency hedging would involve special
risks, including possible default by the other party to the transaction,
illiquidity and, to the extent the Adviser’s view as to certain market movements
is incorrect, the risk that the use of hedging could result in losses greater
than if they had not been used. The use of currency transactions could result in
the Fund’s incurring losses as a result of the imposition of exchange controls,
exchange rate regulation, suspension of settlements or the inability to deliver
or receive a specified currency.
China-Related
Index Tracking Risk.
To the extent the Fund is unable to invest in A-shares or enter into swaps or
other derivatives linked to the performance of its Index or securities
comprising its Index, it may enter into swaps or other derivatives linked to the
performance of other funds that seek to track the performance of its Index.
These funds may trade at a premium or discount to net asset value, which may
result in additional tracking error for the Fund. Moreover, the ability of the
Fund to track its Index may be affected by foreign exchange fluctuations as
between the U.S. dollar and the RMB. Additionally, the terms of the swaps
require the payment of the U.S. dollar equivalent of the RMB distributions and
dividends received, meaning that the Fund is exposed to foreign exchange risk
and fluctuations in value between the U.S. dollar and the RMB. The Fund will be
required to remit RMB to settle the purchase of A-shares and repatriate RMB to
U.S. dollars to settle redemption orders. In the event such remittance is
delayed or disrupted, the Fund will not be able to fully replicate the Index by
investing in the relevant A-shares, which may lead to increased tracking error,
and may need to rely on borrowings to meet redemptions, which may lead to
increased expenses. Because the Index is priced in Chinese RMB and the Fund is
priced in U.S. dollars, the ability of the Fund to track the Index is in part
subject to foreign exchange fluctuations as between the U.S. dollar and the RMB.
The Fund may underperform the Index when the value of the U.S. dollar increases
relative to the value of the RMB.
Stock
Connect Risk. The
Fund may invest in A-shares listed and traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and
the Shenzhen Stock Exchange through Stock Connect, or on such other stock
exchanges that participate in Stock Connect from time to time or in the future.
Trading through Stock Connect is subject to a number of restrictions that may
affect the Fund’s investments and returns. For example, trading through Stock
Connect is subject to daily and aggregate market-wide trading volume and market
cap quotas that limit the maximum daily net purchases on any particular day by
Hong Kong investors (and foreign investors trading through Hong Kong) trading
mainland Chinese listed securities and mainland Chinese investors trading Hong
Kong listed securities, which may restrict or preclude the Fund’s ability to
invest in Stock Connect A-shares. The daily quota is not specific to the Fund
and is utilized on a first-come-first-serve basis. As such, buy orders via the
Stock Connect Programs could be rejected once the daily quota is exceeded. The
daily quota may thereby restrict the Fund's ability to invest through Stock
Connect Programs on a timely basis, which could affect the Fund's ability to
effectively pursue its investment strategy. The daily quota is also subject to
change. It is possible for securities eligible to be purchased via the Stock
Connect Program to lose such designation, which could impact the Fund's ability
to pursue its investment strategy. In addition, investments made through Stock
Connect are subject to trading, clearance and settlement procedures that are
relatively untested in the People's Republic of China ("PRC"), which could pose
risks to the Fund. Furthermore, securities purchased via Stock Connect will be
held via a book entry omnibus account in the name of Hong Kong Securities
Clearing Company Limited, Hong Kong’s clearing entity, at the China Securities
Depository and Clearing Corporation. The Fund’s ownership interest in Stock
Connect securities will not be reflected directly in book entry with China
Securities Depository and Clearing Corporation and will instead only be
reflected on the books of its Hong Kong sub-custodian. The Fund may therefore
depend on Hong Kong Securities Clearing Company Limited’s ability or willingness
as record-holder of Stock Connect securities to enforce the Fund’s shareholder
rights. PRC law did not historically recognize the concept of beneficial
ownership; while PRC regulations and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange have issued
clarifications and guidance supporting the concept of beneficial ownership via
Stock Connect, the interpretation of beneficial ownership in the PRC by
regulators and courts may continue to evolve. Moreover, Stock Connect A-shares
generally may not be sold, purchased or otherwise transferred other than through
Stock Connect in accordance with applicable rules.
A
primary feature of Stock Connect is the application of the home market’s laws
and rules applicable to investors in A-shares. Therefore, the Fund’s investments
in Stock Connect A-shares are generally subject to PRC securities regulations
and listing rules, among other restrictions. The Fund will not benefit from
access to Hong Kong investor compensation funds, which are set up to protect
against defaults of trades, when investing through Stock Connect. Stock Connect
is only available on days when markets in both the PRC and Hong Kong are open,
which may limit the Fund’s ability to trade when it would be otherwise
attractive to do so. Additionally, restrictions on the timing of permitted
trading activity in A-shares, including the imposition of local holidays in
either Hong Kong or Mainland China and restrictions on purchasing and selling
the same security on the same day, may subject the Fund to the risk of price
fluctuations of A-shares at times when the Fund is unable to add to or exit its
position. Since the inception of Stock Connect, foreign investors (including the
Fund) investing in A-shares through Stock Connect have been temporarily exempt
from the PRC corporate income tax and value-added tax on the gains on disposal
of such A-shares. Dividends are subject to PRC corporate income tax on a
withholding basis at 10%, unless reduced under a double tax treaty with China
upon application to and obtaining approval from the competent tax authority.
Aside from these temporary measures, uncertainties in permanent PRC tax rules
governing taxation of income and gains from investments in Stock Connect
A-shares could result in unexpected tax liabilities for the Fund.
The
Stock Connect program is a relatively new program and may be subject to further
interpretation and guidance. The effect of the introduction of large numbers of
foreign investors on the market for trading Chinese-listed securities is not
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understood.
There can be no assurance as to the program’s continued existence or whether
future developments regarding the program may restrict or adversely affect the
Fund’s investments or returns. In addition, the application and interpretation
of the laws and regulations of Hong Kong and the PRC, and the rules, policies or
guidelines published or applied by relevant regulators and exchanges in respect
of the Stock Connect program are uncertain, and they may have a detrimental
effect on the Fund’s investments and returns. The securities regimes and legal
systems of China and Hong Kong differ significantly, and issues may arise based
on these differences. Any changes in law, regulations and policies applicable to
Stock Connect may affect A-share prices. These risks are heightened by the
underdeveloped state of the PRC's investment and banking systems in
general.
Emerging
Market Issuers Risk.
Investments in securities of emerging market issuers involve risks not typically
associated with investments in securities of issuers in more developed countries
that may negatively affect the value of your investment in the Fund. Such
heightened risks may include, among others, expropriation, nationalization
and/or confiscation of assets and property, restrictions on and government
intervention in international trade, confiscatory taxation, political
instability, including authoritarian and/or military involvement in governmental
decision making, armed conflict, the impact on the economy as a result of civil
war, crime (including drug violence) and social instability as a result of
religious, ethnic and/or socioeconomic unrest. Issuers in certain emerging
market countries are subject to less stringent requirements regarding
accounting, auditing, financial reporting and record keeping than are issuers in
more developed markets, and therefore, all material information may not be
available or reliable. Emerging markets are also more likely than developed
markets to experience problems with the clearing and settling of trades, as well
as the holding of securities by local banks, agents and depositories. Low
trading volumes and volatile prices in less developed markets may make trades
harder to complete and settle, and governments or trade groups may compel local
agents to hold securities in designated depositories that may not be subject to
independent evaluation. Local agents are held only to the standards of care of
their local markets. In general, the less developed a country’s securities
markets are, the greater the likelihood of custody problems. Additionally, each
of the factors described below could have a negative impact on the Fund’s
performance and increase the volatility of the Fund.
Securities
Market Risk.
Securities markets in emerging market countries are underdeveloped and are often
considered to be less correlated to global economic cycles than those markets
located in more developed countries. Securities markets in emerging market
countries are subject to greater risks associated with market volatility, lower
market capitalization, lower trading volume, illiquidity, inflation, greater
price fluctuations, uncertainty regarding the existence of trading markets,
governmental control and heavy regulation of labor and industry. These factors,
coupled with restrictions on foreign investment and other factors, limit the
supply of securities available for investment by the Fund. This will affect the
rate at which the Fund is able to invest in emerging market countries, the
purchase and sale prices for such securities and the timing of purchases and
sales. Emerging markets can experience high rates of inflation, deflation and
currency devaluation. The prices of certain securities listed on securities
markets in emerging market countries have been subject to sharp fluctuations and
sudden declines, and no assurance can be given as to the future performance of
listed securities in general. Volatility of prices may be greater than in more
developed securities markets. Moreover, securities markets in emerging market
countries may be closed for extended periods of time or trading on securities
markets may be suspended altogether due to political or civil unrest. Market
volatility may also be heightened by the actions of a small number of investors.
Brokerage firms in emerging market countries may be fewer in number and less
established than brokerage firms in more developed markets. Since the Fund may
need to effect securities transactions through these brokerage firms, the Fund
is subject to the risk that these brokerage firms will not be able to fulfill
their obligations to the Fund. This risk is magnified to the extent the Fund
effects securities transactions through a single brokerage firm or a small
number of brokerage firms. In addition, the infrastructure for the safe custody
of securities and for purchasing and selling securities, settling trades,
collecting dividends, initiating corporate actions, and following corporate
activity is not as well developed in emerging market countries as is the case in
certain more developed markets.
Political
and Economic Risk.
Certain emerging market countries have historically been subject to political
instability and their prospects are tied to the continuation of economic and
political liberalization in the region. Instability may result from factors such
as government or military intervention in decision making, terrorism, civil
unrest, extremism or hostilities between neighboring countries. Any of these
factors, including an outbreak of hostilities could negatively impact the Fund’s
returns. Limited political and democratic freedoms in emerging market countries
might cause significant social unrest. These factors may have a significant
adverse effect on an emerging market country’s economy.
Many
emerging market countries may be heavily dependent upon international trade and,
consequently, may continue to be negatively affected by trade barriers, exchange
controls, managed adjustments in relative currency values and other
protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the countries with which it
trades. They also have been, and may continue to be, adversely affected by
economic conditions in the countries with which they trade.
In
addition, commodities (such as oil, gas and minerals) represent a significant
percentage of certain emerging market countries’ exports and these economies are
particularly sensitive to fluctuations in commodity prices. Adverse economic
events in one country may have a significant adverse effect on other countries
of this region. In addition, most emerging market countries have experienced, at
one time or another, severe and persistent levels of inflation, including, in
some cases, hyperinflation. This has, in turn, led to high interest rates,
extreme measures by governments to keep inflation in check, and a generally
debilitating effect on economic growth.
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Although
inflation in many countries has lessened, there is no guarantee it will remain
at lower levels. The political history of certain emerging market countries has
been characterized by political uncertainty, intervention by the military in
civilian and economic spheres, and political corruption. Such events could
reverse favorable trends toward market and economic reform, privatization, and
removal of trade barriers, and result in significant disruption in securities
markets in the region.
Also,
from time to time, certain issuers located in emerging market countries in which
the Fund invests may operate in, or have dealings with, countries subject to
sanctions and/or embargoes imposed by the U.S. Government and the United Nations
and/or countries identified by the U.S. Government as state sponsors of
terrorism. As a result, an issuer may sustain damage to its reputation if it is
identified as an issuer which operates in, or has dealings with, such countries.
The Fund, as an investor in such issuers, will be indirectly subject to those
risks.
The
economies of one or more countries in which the Fund may invest may be in
various states of transition from a planned economy to a more market oriented
economy. The economies of such countries differ from the economies of most
developed countries in many respects, including levels of government
involvement, states of development, growth rates, control of foreign exchange
and allocation of resources. Economic growth in these economies may be uneven
both geographically and among various sectors of their economies and may also be
accompanied by periods of high inflation. Political changes, social instability
and adverse diplomatic developments in these countries could result in the
imposition of additional government restrictions, including expropriation of
assets, confiscatory taxes or nationalization of some or all of the property
held by the underlying issuers of securities of emerging market issuers. There
is no guarantee that the governments of these countries will not revert back to
some form of planned or non-market oriented economy, and such governments
continue to be active participants in many economic sectors through ownership
positions and regulation. The allocation of resources in such countries is
subject to a high level of government control. Such countries’ governments may
strictly regulate the payment of foreign currency denominated obligations and
set monetary policy. Through their policies, these governments may provide
preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. The policies set
by the government of one of these countries could have a substantial effect on
that country’s economy.
Investment
and Repatriation Restrictions Risk.
The government in an emerging market country may restrict or control to varying
degrees the ability of foreign investors to invest in securities of issuers
located or operating in such emerging market countries. These restrictions
and/or controls may at times limit or prevent foreign investment in securities
of issuers located or operating in emerging market countries and may inhibit the
Fund’s ability to meet its investment objective. In addition, the Fund may not
be able to buy or sell securities or receive full value for such securities.
Moreover, certain emerging market countries may require governmental approval or
special licenses prior to investments by foreign investors and may limit the
amount of investments by foreign investors in a particular industry and/or
issuer; may limit such foreign investment to a certain class of securities of an
issuer that may have less advantageous rights than the classes available for
purchase by domiciliaries of such emerging market countries; and/or may impose
additional taxes on foreign investors. A delay in obtaining a required
government approval or a license would delay investments in those emerging
market countries, and, as a result, the Fund may not be able to invest in
certain securities while approval is pending. The government of certain emerging
market countries may also withdraw or decline to renew a license that enables
the Fund to invest in such country. These factors make investing in issuers
located or operating in emerging market countries significantly riskier than
investing in issuers located or operating in more developed countries, and any
one of them could cause a decline in the net asset value of the
Fund.
Additionally,
investments in issuers located in certain emerging market countries may be
subject to a greater degree of risk associated with governmental approval in
connection with the repatriation of investment income, capital or the proceeds
of sales of securities by foreign investors. Moreover, there is the risk that if
the balance of payments in an emerging market country declines, the government
of such country may impose temporary restrictions on foreign capital
remittances. Consequently, the Fund could be adversely affected by delays in, or
a refusal to grant, required governmental approval for repatriation of capital,
as well as by the application to the Fund of any restrictions on investments.
Furthermore, investments in emerging market countries may require the Fund to
adopt special procedures, seek local government approvals or take other actions,
each of which may involve additional costs to the Fund.
Limited
Disclosure About Emerging Market Issuers Risk.
Issuers located or operating in emerging market countries are not subject to the
same rules and regulations as issuers located or operating in more developed
countries. Therefore, there may be less financial and other information publicly
available with regard to issuers located or operating in emerging market
countries and such issuers are not subject to the uniform accounting, auditing
and financial reporting standards applicable to issuers located or operating in
more developed countries.
Foreign
Currency Risk Considerations.
The Fund’s assets that are invested in securities of issuers in emerging market
countries will generally be denominated in foreign currencies, and the proceeds
received by the Fund from these investments may be denominated in foreign
currencies. The value of an emerging market country’s currency may be subject to
a high degree of fluctuation. This fluctuation may be due to changes in interest
rates, the effects of monetary policies issued by the United States, foreign
governments, central banks or supranational entities, the imposition of currency
controls or other national or global political or economic developments. The
economies of certain emerging market countries can be significantly affected by
currency devaluations. Certain emerging market countries may also have managed
currencies which are maintained at artificial levels relative to the U.S. dollar
rather than at levels determined by
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the
market. This type of system can lead to sudden and large adjustments in the
currency which, in turn, can have a disruptive and negative effect on foreign
investors.
The
Fund’s exposure to an emerging market country’s currency and changes in value of
such foreign currencies versus the U.S. dollar may reduce the Fund’s investment
performance and the value of your investment in the Fund. Meanwhile, the Fund
will compute and expects to distribute its income in U.S. dollars, and the
computation of income will be made on the date that the income is earned by the
Fund at the foreign exchange rate in effect on that date. Therefore, if the
value of the respective emerging market country’s currency falls relative to the
U.S. dollar between the earning of the income and the time at which the Fund
converts the relevant emerging market country’s currency to U.S. dollars, the
Fund may be required to liquidate certain positions in order to make
distributions if the Fund has insufficient cash in U.S. dollars to meet
distribution requirements under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. The
liquidation of investments, if required, could be at disadvantageous prices or
otherwise have an adverse impact on the Fund’s performance.
Certain
emerging market countries also restrict the free conversion of their currency
into foreign currencies, including the U.S. dollar. There is no significant
foreign exchange market for many such currencies and it would, as a result, be
difficult for the Fund to engage in foreign currency transactions designed to
protect the value of the Fund’s interests in securities denominated in such
currencies. Furthermore, if permitted, the Fund may incur costs in connection
with conversions between U.S. dollars and an emerging market country’s currency.
Foreign exchange dealers realize a profit based on the difference between the
prices at which they are buying and selling various currencies. Thus, a dealer
normally will offer to sell a foreign currency to the Fund at one rate, while
offering a lesser rate of exchange should the Fund desire immediately to resell
that currency to the dealer. The Fund will conduct its foreign currency exchange
transactions either on a spot (i.e.,
cash) basis at the spot rate prevailing in the foreign currency exchange market,
or through entering into forward, futures or options contracts to purchase or
sell foreign currencies.
Operational
and Settlement Risk.
In addition to having less developed securities markets, emerging market
countries have less developed custody and settlement practices than certain
developed countries. Rules adopted under the Investment Company Act of 1940
permit the Fund to maintain its foreign securities and cash in the custody of
certain eligible non-U.S. banks and securities depositories. Banks in emerging
market countries that are eligible foreign sub-custodians may be recently
organized or otherwise lack extensive operating experience. In addition, in
certain emerging market countries there may be legal restrictions or limitations
on the ability of the Fund to recover assets held in custody by a foreign
sub-custodian in the event of the bankruptcy of the sub-custodian. Because
settlement systems in emerging market countries may be less organized than in
other developed markets, there may be a risk that settlement may be delayed and
that cash or securities of the Fund may be in jeopardy because of failures of or
defects in the systems. Under the laws in many emerging market countries, the
Fund may be required to release local shares before receiving cash payment or
may be required to make cash payment prior to receiving local shares, creating a
risk that the Fund may surrender cash or securities without ever receiving
securities or cash from the other party. Settlement systems in emerging market
countries also have a higher risk of failed trades and back to back settlements
may not be possible.
The
Fund may not be able to convert a foreign currency to U.S. dollars in time for
the settlement of redemption requests effected in cash. In the event that the
Fund is not able to convert the foreign currency to U.S. dollars in time for
settlement, which may occur as a result of the delays described above, the Fund
may be required to liquidate certain investments and/or borrow money in order to
fund such redemption. The liquidation of investments, if required, could be at
disadvantageous prices or otherwise have an adverse impact on the Fund’s
performance (e.g.,
by causing the Fund to overweight foreign currency denominated holdings and
underweight other holdings which were sold to fund redemptions). In addition,
the Fund will incur interest expense on any borrowings and the borrowings will
cause the Fund to be leveraged, which may magnify gains and losses on its
investments.
In
certain emerging market countries, the marketability of investments may be
limited due to the restricted opening hours of trading exchanges, and a
relatively high proportion of market value may be concentrated in the hands of a
relatively small number of investors. In addition, because certain emerging
market countries’ trading exchanges on which the Fund’s portfolio securities may
trade are open when the relevant exchanges are closed, the Fund may be subject
to heightened risk associated with market movements. Trading volume may be lower
on certain emerging market countries’ trading exchanges than on more developed
securities markets and securities may be generally less liquid. The
infrastructure for clearing, settlement and registration on the primary and
secondary markets of certain emerging market countries are less developed than
in certain other markets and under certain circumstances this may result in the
Fund experiencing delays in settling and/or registering transactions in the
markets in which it invests, particularly if the growth of foreign and domestic
investment in certain emerging market countries places an undue burden on such
investment infrastructure. Such delays could affect the speed with which the
Fund can transmit redemption proceeds and may inhibit the initiation and
realization of investment opportunities at optimum times.
Certain
issuers in emerging market countries may utilize share blocking schemes. Share
blocking refers to a practice, in certain foreign markets, where voting rights
related to an issuer’s securities are predicated on these securities being
blocked from trading at the custodian or sub-custodian level for a period of
time around a shareholder meeting. These restrictions have the effect of barring
the purchase and sale of certain voting securities within a specified number of
days before and, in certain instances, after a shareholder meeting where a vote
of shareholders will be taken. Share blocking may prevent the Fund from buying
or selling securities for a period of time. During the time that shares are
blocked,
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trades
in such securities will not settle. The blocking period can last up to several
weeks. The process for having a blocking restriction lifted can be quite onerous
with the particular requirements varying widely by country. In addition, in
certain countries, the block cannot be removed. As a result of the ramifications
of voting ballots in markets that allow share blocking, the Adviser, on behalf
of the Fund, reserves the right to abstain from voting proxies in those
markets.
Corporate
and Securities Laws Risk.
Securities laws in emerging market countries are relatively new and unsettled
and, consequently, there is a risk of rapid and unpredictable change in laws
regarding foreign investment, securities regulation, title to securities and
securityholders rights. Accordingly, foreign investors may be adversely affected
by new or amended laws and regulations. In addition, the systems of corporate
governance to which emerging market issuers are subject may be less advanced
than those systems to which issuers located in more developed countries are
subject, and therefore, securityholders of issuers located in emerging market
countries may not receive many of the protections available to securityholders
of issuers located in more developed countries. In circumstances where adequate
laws and securityholders rights exist, it may not be possible to obtain swift
and equitable enforcement of the law. In addition, the enforcement of systems of
taxation at federal, regional and local levels in emerging market countries may
be inconsistent and subject to sudden change. The Fund has limited rights and
few practical remedies in emerging markets and the ability of U.S. authorities
to bring enforcement actions in emerging markets may be limited.
PRC
Tax Risk.
The application of the tax laws and regulations of the PRC to income, including
capital gains, derived from certain investments of the Fund remains unclear, and
may well continue to evolve, possibly with retroactive effect. Any taxes imposed
on the investments of the Fund pursuant to such laws and regulations will reduce
the Fund’s overall returns.
Medium-Capitalization
Companies Risk.
The Fund may invest in medium-capitalization companies and, therefore will be
subject to certain risks associated with medium-capitalization companies. These
companies are often subject to less analyst coverage and may be in early and
less predictable periods of their corporate existences, with little or no record
of profitability. In addition, these companies often have greater price
volatility, lower trading volume and less liquidity than larger more established
companies. These companies tend to have smaller revenues, narrower product
lines, less management depth and experience, smaller shares of their product or
service markets, fewer financial resources and less competitive strength than
large-capitalization companies. Returns on investments in securities of
medium-capitalization companies could trail the returns on investments in
securities of larger companies.
Large-Capitalization
Companies Risk.
The Fund may invest in large-capitalization companies and, therefore will be
subject to certain risks associated with large-capitalization companies.
Securities of large-capitalization companies could fall out of favor with the
market and underperform securities of small- or medium-capitalization companies.
Larger, more established companies may be slow to respond to challenges and may
grow more slowly than smaller companies.
Cash
Transactions Risk.
Unlike other ETFs, the Fund effects its creations and redemptions at least
partially for cash, rather than wholly for in-kind securities. Because the Fund
currently intends to effect all or a portion of redemptions for cash, rather
than in-kind distributions, it may be required to sell portfolio securities in
order to obtain the cash needed to distribute redemption proceeds, which
involves transaction costs that the Fund may not have incurred had it effected
redemptions entirely in-kind. These costs may include brokerage costs and/or
taxable gains or losses, which may be imposed on the Fund and decrease the
Fund’s net asset value to the extent such costs are not offset by a transaction
fee payable by an Authorized Participant. If the Fund recognizes a gain on these
sales, this generally will cause the Fund to recognize a gain it might not
otherwise have recognized if it were to distribute portfolio securities in-kind,
or to recognize such gain sooner than would otherwise be required. As a result,
an investment in the Fund may be less tax-efficient than an investment in a more
conventional ETF. Other ETFs generally are able to make in-kind redemptions and
avoid realizing gains in connection with transactions designed to raise cash to
meet redemption requests. The Fund generally intends to distribute these gains
to shareholders to avoid being taxed on this gain at the Fund level and
otherwise comply with the special tax rules that apply to it. This strategy may
cause shareholders to be subject to tax on gains they would not otherwise be
subject to, or at an earlier date than, if they had made an investment in a
different ETF. Additionally, transactions may have to be carried out over
several days if the securities market is relatively illiquid and may involve
considerable transaction fees and taxes.
Market
Risk.
The prices of securities are subject to the risks associated with investing in
the securities market, including general economic conditions, sudden and
unpredictable drops in value, exchange trading suspensions and closures and
public health risks. These risks may be magnified if certain social, political,
economic and other conditions and events (such as natural disasters, epidemics
and pandemics, terrorism, conflicts, social unrest, recessions, inflation,
interest rate changes, supply chain disruptions, embargoes, tariffs, sanctions
and other trade barriers) adversely interrupt the global economy; in these and
other circumstances, such events or developments might affect companies
world-wide. Overall securities values could decline generally or underperform
other investments. An investment may lose money.
Operational
Risk.
The Fund is exposed to operational risk arising from a number of factors,
including human error, processing and communication errors, errors of the Fund’s
service providers, counterparties or other third-parties, failed or inadequate
processes and technology or system failures.
Index Tracking Risk. The
Fund’s return may not match the return of the Index for a number of reasons. For
example, the Fund incurs operating expenses, including taxes, not applicable to
the Index and incurs costs associated with buying and selling securities and
entering into derivatives transactions (if applicable), especially when
rebalancing the Fund’s securities holdings to reflect changes in the composition
of the Index, or (if applicable) raising cash to meet redemptions or deploying
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cash
in connection with inflows into the Fund. Transaction costs, including brokerage
costs, will decrease the Fund’s net asset value. Conversely, the Fund may
generate earnings through its securities lending activities, which may increase
the Fund’s return relative to the Index.
Market
disruptions and regulatory restrictions could have an adverse effect on the
Fund’s ability to adjust its exposure to the required levels in order to track
the Index. The Index provider may rely on various sources of information to
assess the criteria of components of the Index, including information that may
be based on assumptions and estimates. Errors in the Index data, the Index
computations and/or the construction of the Index in accordance with its
methodology may occur from time to time, and the Index provider may not identify
or correct them promptly or at all, which may have an adverse impact on the Fund
and its shareholders. There is no assurance that the Index provider or any
agents that may act on its behalf will compile the Index accurately, or that the
Index will be determined, composed or calculated accurately. Errors in respect
of the quality, accuracy and completeness of the data used to compile the Index
may occur from time to time and may not be identified and corrected by the Index
provider, particularly where the indices are less commonly used as benchmarks by
funds or managers. Therefore, gains, losses or costs associated with errors of
the Index provider or its agents will generally be borne by the Fund and its
shareholders. For example, during a period where the Index contains incorrect
constituents, the Fund would have market exposure to such constituents and would
be underexposed to the Index’s other constituents. Such errors may negatively or
positively impact the Fund and its shareholders.
When
the Index is rebalanced and the Fund in turn rebalances its portfolio to attempt
to increase the correlation between the Fund’s portfolio and the Index, any
transaction costs and market exposure arising from such portfolio rebalancing
will be borne directly by the Fund and its shareholders. The Fund may not be
fully invested at times either as a result of cash flows into the Fund or
reserves of cash held by the Fund to pay expenses or to meet redemptions. In
addition, the Fund may not invest in certain securities and/or other assets
included in the Index, or invest in them in the exact proportions in which they
are represented in the Index. The Fund’s performance may also deviate from the
return of the Index for a variety of reasons, including legal restrictions or
limitations imposed by the governments of certain countries, certain exchange
listing standards (where applicable), a lack of liquidity in markets in which
such securities trade, potential adverse tax consequences or other regulatory
reasons (such as diversification requirements). A lack of liquidity may be due
to various events, including market events, economic conditions or investor
perceptions. Illiquid securities may be difficult to value and their value may
be lower than the market price of comparable liquid securities, which would
negatively affect the Fund’s performance. Moreover, the Fund may be delayed in
purchasing or selling securities included in the Index. When markets are
volatile, the ability to sell securities at fair value prices may be adversely
impacted and may result in additional trading costs and/or increase the index
tracking risk. To the extent the Fund encounters any issues with regard to
currency convertibility (including the cost of borrowing funds, if any),
repatriation or economic sanctions, such issues may also increase index tracking
risk. The Fund may also need to rely on borrowings to meet redemptions, which
may lead to increased expenses. For tax efficiency purposes, the Fund may sell
certain securities, and such sale may cause the Fund to realize a loss and
deviate from the performance of the Index. The Fund’s performance may also
deviate from the performance of the Index due to the impact of withholding
taxes, including differences between the amount and/or timing of withholding
taxes on dividends reflected in the Index from the Fund's actual, if any,
foreign withholding tax obligations, late announcements relating to changes to
the Index and high turnover of the Index.
The
Fund may fair value certain of its investments, underlying currencies and/or
other assets. To the extent the Fund calculates its net asset value based on
fair value prices and the value of the Index is based on securities’ closing
prices on local foreign markets (i.e.,
the value of the Index is not based on fair value prices) or if the Fund
otherwise calculates its net asset value based on prices that differ from those
used in calculating the Index, the Fund’s ability to track the Index may be
adversely affected. The need to comply with the tax diversification and other
requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 may also impact the Fund’s
ability to track the performance of the Index. In addition, if the Fund utilizes
depositary receipts or other derivative instruments, its return may not
correlate as well with the return of the Index as would be the case if the Fund
purchased all the securities in the Index directly. To the extent the Fund
utilizes depositary receipts, the purchase of depositary receipts may negatively
affect the Fund’s ability to track the performance of the Index and increase
tracking error, which may be exacerbated if the issuer of the depositary receipt
discontinues issuing new depositary receipts or withdraws existing depositary
receipts. Actions taken in response to proposed corporate actions could also
result in increased tracking error. In light of the factors discussed above, the
Fund’s return may deviate significantly from the return of the
Index.
Apart
from scheduled rebalances, the Index provider or its agents may carry out
additional ad hoc rebalances to the Index in order, for example, to correct an
error in the selection of index constituents. When the Index is rebalanced and
the Fund in turn rebalances its portfolio to attempt to increase the correlation
between the Fund’s portfolio and the Index, any transaction costs and market
exposure arising from such portfolio rebalancing will be borne directly by the
Fund and its shareholders. Therefore, errors and additional ad hoc rebalances
carried out by the Index provider to the Index may increase the costs to and the
tracking error risk of the Fund.
Index
tracking risk may be heightened during times of increased market volatility or
other unusual market conditions. Changes to the composition of the Index in
connection with a rebalancing or reconstitution of the Index may cause the Fund
to experience increased volatility, during which time the Fund’s index tracking
risk may be heightened.
Authorized
Participant Concentration Risk.
The Fund may have a limited number of Authorized Participants, none of which are
obligated to engage in creation and/or redemption transactions. To the extent
that those Authorized Participants exit the
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business,
or do not process creation and/or redemption orders, there may be a
significantly diminished trading market for Shares or Shares may trade like
closed-end funds at a discount (or premium) to net asset value and possibly face
trading halts and/or de-listing. This can be reflected as a spread between the
bid-ask prices for the Fund. The Authorized Participant concentration risk may
be heightened with respect to certain types of assets or in cases where
Authorized Participants have limited or diminished access to the capital
required to post collateral.
New
Fund Risk.
The Fund is a new fund, with a limited or no operating history and a small asset
base. There can be no assurance that the Fund will grow to or maintain a viable
size. Due to the Fund’s small asset base, certain of the Fund’s expenses and its
portfolio transaction costs may be higher than those of a fund with a larger
asset base. To the extent that the Fund does not grow to or maintain a viable
size, it may be liquidated, and the expenses, timing and tax consequences of
such liquidation may not be favorable to some shareholders.
No
Guarantee of Active Trading Market Risk. There
can be no assurance that an active trading market for the Shares will develop or
be maintained, as applicable. Further, secondary markets may be subject to
irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads and extended trade settlement
periods in times of market stress because market makers and Authorized
Participants may step away from making a market in the Shares and in executing
creation and redemption orders, which could cause a material deviation in the
Fund’s market price from its net asset value.
Van
Eck Securities Corporation, the distributor of the Shares, does not maintain a
secondary market in the Shares. Investors purchasing and selling Shares in the
secondary market may not experience investment results consistent with those
experienced by those Authorized Participants creating and redeeming directly
with the Fund.
Decisions
by market makers or Authorized Participants to reduce their role or “step away”
from these activities in times of market stress could inhibit the effectiveness
of the arbitrage process in maintaining the relationship between the underlying
value of the Fund’s portfolio securities and the Fund’s market price. This
reduced effectiveness could result in Fund Shares trading at a price which
differs materially from net asset value and also in greater than normal intraday
bid/ask spreads for Fund Shares.
Trading
Issues Risk.
Trading in shares on the exchange may be halted due to market conditions or for
reasons that, in the view of the exchange, make trading in shares inadvisable.
In addition, trading in shares on the exchange is subject to trading halts
caused by extraordinary market volatility pursuant to the relevant exchange’s
“circuit breaker” rules. If a trading halt or unanticipated early close of the
exchange occurs, a shareholder may be unable to purchase or sell Shares of the
Fund. There can be no assurance that requirements of the exchange necessary to
maintain the listing of the Fund will continue to be met or will remain
unchanged.
Passive
Management Risk.
Unlike many investment companies, the Fund is not “actively” managed. Therefore,
unless a specific security/asset is removed from its Index, the Fund generally
would not sell such a security/asset because the security’s issuer is in
financial trouble. If a specific security/asset is removed from the Fund’s
Index, the Fund may be forced to sell such security/asset at an inopportune time
or for prices other than at current market values. An investment in the Fund
involves risks similar to those of investing in any fund that invests in a
similar asset class, such as market fluctuations caused by such factors as
economic and political developments, changes in interest rates and perceived
trends in security/asset prices. The Fund’s Index may not contain the
appropriate or a diversified mix of securities and/or assets for any particular
economic cycle. The timing of changes in the composition of the Fund’s portfolio
in seeking to track its Index could have a negative effect on the Fund. Unlike
with an actively managed fund, the Adviser does not use techniques or defensive
strategies designed to lessen the effects of market volatility or to reduce the
impact of periods of market decline. Additionally, unusual market conditions may
cause the Fund’s Index provider to postpone a scheduled rebalance or
reconstitution, which could cause the Fund’s Index to vary from its normal or
expected composition. This means that, based on market and economic conditions,
the Fund’s performance could be lower than funds that may actively shift their
portfolio assets to take advantage of market opportunities or to lessen the
impact of a market decline or a decline in the value of one or more issuers.
Fund Shares Trading, Premium/Discount Risk and Liquidity of
Fund Shares. Disruptions
to creations and redemptions, the existence of market volatility or potential
lack of an active trading market for Shares (including through a trading halt),
as well as other factors, may result in Shares trading at a significant premium
or discount to net asset value or to the intraday value of the Fund’s holdings.
The net asset value of the Shares will fluctuate with changes in the market
value of the Fund’s securities holdings. The market price of Shares may
fluctuate, in some cases materially, in accordance with changes in net asset
value and the intraday value of the Fund’s holdings, as well as supply and
demand on the Exchange. Shares may trade below, at or above their net asset
value. While the creation/redemption feature is designed to make it likely that
Shares normally will trade close to the value of the Fund’s holdings, market
prices are not expected to correlate exactly to the Fund’s net asset value due
to timing reasons, supply and demand imbalances and other factors. The price
differences may be due, in large part, to the fact that supply and demand forces
at work in the secondary trading market for Shares may be closely related to,
but not necessarily identical to, the same forces influencing the prices of the
securities of the Fund’s portfolio of investments trading individually or in the
aggregate at any point in time. If a shareholder purchases Shares at a time when
the market price is at a premium to the net asset value or sells Shares at a
time when the market price is at a discount to the net asset value, the
shareholder may pay significantly more or receive significantly less than the
underlying value of the Shares that were bought or sold or the shareholder may
be unable to sell his or her Shares. Any of these factors, discussed above and
further below, may lead to the Shares trading at a premium or discount to the
Fund’s net asset value. In addition, because certain of the
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Fund’s
underlying securities may trade on exchanges that are closed when the exchange
that Shares of the Fund trade on is open, there are likely to be deviations
between the expected value of an underlying security and the closing security’s
price (i.e.,
the last quote from its closed foreign market) resulting in premiums or
discounts to net asset value that may be greater than those experienced by other
ETFs. In addition, the securities held by the Fund may be traded in markets that
close at a different time than the Exchange. Liquidity in those securities may
be reduced after the applicable closing times. Accordingly, during the time when
the Exchange is open but after the applicable market closing, fixing or
settlement times, bid/ask spreads and the resulting premium or discount to the
Shares’ net asset value may widen. Additionally, in stressed market conditions,
the market for the Fund’s Shares may become less liquid in response to
deteriorating liquidity in the markets for the Fund’s underlying portfolio
holdings.
When
you buy or sell Shares of the Fund through a broker, you will likely incur a
brokerage commission or other charges imposed by brokers. In addition, the
market price of Shares, like the price of any exchange-traded security, includes
a bid/ask spread charged by the market makers or other participants that trade
the particular security. The spread of the Fund’s Shares varies over time based
on the Fund’s trading volume and market liquidity and may increase if the Fund’s
trading volume, the spread of the Fund’s underlying securities, or market
liquidity decrease. In times of severe market disruption, including when trading
of the Fund’s holdings may be halted, the bid/ask spread may increase
significantly. This means that Shares may trade at a discount to the Fund’s net
asset value, and the discount is likely to be greatest during significant market
volatility.
Non-Diversified
Risk.
The Fund is classified as a “non-diversified” fund under the Investment Company
Act of 1940. The Fund is subject to the risk that it will be more volatile than
a diversified fund because the Fund may invest a relatively high percentage of
its assets in a smaller number of issuers or may invest a larger proportion of
its assets in a single issuer. Moreover, the gains and losses on a single
investment may have a greater impact on the Fund’s net asset value and may make
the Fund more volatile than more diversified funds. The Fund may be particularly
vulnerable to this risk if it is comprised of a limited number of
investments.
Index-Related
Concentration Risk. The
Fund’s assets may be concentrated in a particular sector or sectors or industry
or group of industries to reflect the Index’s allocation to such sector or
sectors or industry or group of industries. The securities of many or all of the
companies in the same sector or industry may decline in value due to
developments adversely affecting such sector or industry. By concentrating its
assets in a particular sector or sectors or industry or group of industries, the
Fund is subject to the risk that economic, political or other conditions that
have a negative effect on those sectors and/or industries may negatively impact
the Fund to a greater extent than if the Fund’s assets were invested in a wider
variety of securities.
Issuer-Specific
Changes Risk.
The value of individual securities in the Fund’s portfolio can be more volatile
than the market as a whole and can perform differently from the value of the
market as a whole, which may have a greater impact if the Fund’s portfolio is
concentrated in a country, region, market, industry, sector or asset class. A
change in the financial condition, market perception or the credit rating of an
issuer of securities included in the Fund may cause the value of its securities
to decline.
ADDITIONAL
NON-PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
The
Fund may invest in securities not included in the Index, money market
instruments, including repurchase agreements or other funds which invest
exclusively in money market instruments, convertible securities, structured
notes (notes on which the amount of principal repayment and interest payments
are based on the movement of one or more specified factors, such as the movement
of a particular stock or stock index) and/or certain derivatives, which the
Adviser believes will help the Fund track the Index. Depositary receipts not
included in the Fund’s Index may be used by the Fund in seeking performance that
corresponds to the Index and in managing cash flows, and may count towards
compliance with the Fund’s 80% policy. The Fund may also invest, to the extent
permitted by the Investment Company Act of 1940, in other affiliated and
unaffiliated funds, such as open-end or closed-end management investment
companies, including other ETFs. The Fund does not have a temporary defensive
strategy to protect against potential stock market declines.
As
an additional investment strategy, the Fund may also seek to invest a portion of
its assets in swaps, futures contracts and other types of derivative instruments
that have economic characteristics that are similar to the economic
characteristics of A-shares, including swaps on the Index, swaps on A-shares
which comprise the Index and/or swaps on funds that seek to replicate the
performance of the Index or funds that invest in A-shares or the Fund may invest
directly in shares of such funds. In addition, the Fund may invest in B-shares,
which are shares of companies incorporated in mainland China that are traded in
the mainland B-share markets; China H-shares, which are shares of companies
incorporated in mainland China and listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange;
securities of Red Chip Companies, which are companies with certain minimum
proportions of mainland Chinese entity shareholders that are incorporated
outside mainland China and listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange; and
securities of Chinese-related companies, which are companies listed on the Hong
Kong Stock Exchange, the Singapore Stock Exchange or other exchanges. Depositary
receipts may be used by the Fund in seeking performance that corresponds to the
Index, and in managing cash flows, and may count towards compliance with the
Fund’s 80% policy.
BORROWING
MONEY
The
Fund may borrow money from a bank up to a limit of one-third of the market value
of its assets. The Fund is expected to enter into a credit facility to borrow
money for temporary, emergency or other purposes, including the funding of
shareholder redemption requests, trade settlements and as necessary to
distribute to shareholders any income required to maintain the Fund’s status as
a regulated investment company. To the extent that the Fund borrows money, it
may be leveraged; at such
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times,
the Fund will appreciate or depreciate in value more rapidly than the Index.
Leverage generally has the effect of increasing the amount of loss or gain the
Fund might realize, and may increase volatility in the value of the Fund’s
investments.
LENDING
PORTFOLIO SECURITIES
The
Fund may lend its portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other financial
institutions desiring to borrow securities to complete transactions and for
other purposes. In connection with such loans, the Fund receives cash, U.S.
government securities and stand-by letters of credit not issued by the Fund’s
bank lending agent equal to at least 102% of the value of the portfolio
securities being loaned. This collateral is marked-to-market on a daily basis.
Although the Fund will receive collateral in connection with all loans of its
securities holdings, the Fund would be exposed to a risk of loss should a
borrower fail to return the borrowed securities (e.g.,
the Fund would have to buy replacement securities and the loaned securities may
have appreciated beyond the value of the collateral held by the Fund) or become
insolvent. The Fund may pay fees to the party arranging the loan of securities.
In addition, the Fund will bear the risk that it may lose money because the
borrower of the loaned securities fails to return the securities in a timely
manner or at all. The Fund could also lose money in the event of a decline in
the value of any cash collateral or in the value of investments made with the
cash collateral. These events could trigger adverse tax consequences for the
Fund. Substitute payments for dividends received by the Fund for securities
loaned out by the Fund will not be considered qualified dividend
income.
ADDITIONAL
NON-PRINCIPAL RISKS
Derivatives
Risk. Derivatives
are financial instruments whose values are based on the value of one or more
reference assets or indicators, such as a security, currency, interest rate, or
index. The Fund’s use of derivatives involves risks different from, and possibly
greater than, the risks associated with investing directly in securities and
other more traditional investments. Moreover, although the value of a derivative
is based on an underlying asset or indicator, a derivative typically does not
carry the same rights as would be the case if the Fund invested directly in the
underlying securities, currencies or other assets.
Derivatives
are subject to a number of risks, such as potential changes in value in response
to market developments or, in the case of “over-the-counter” derivatives, as a
result of a counterparty’s credit quality and the risk that a derivative
transaction may not have the effect the Adviser anticipated. Derivatives also
involve the risk of mispricing or improper valuation and the risk that changes
in the value of a derivative may not achieve the desired correlation with the
underlying asset or indicator. Derivative transactions can create investment
leverage and may be highly volatile, and the Fund could lose more than the
amount it invests. The use of derivatives may increase the amount and affect the
timing and character of taxes payable by shareholders of the Fund.
Many
derivative transactions are entered into “over-the-counter” without a central
clearinghouse; as a result, the value of such a derivative transaction will
depend on, among other factors, the ability and the willingness of the Fund’s
counterparty to perform its obligations under the transaction. If a counterparty
were to default on its obligations, the Fund’s contractual remedies against such
counterparty may be subject to bankruptcy and insolvency laws, which could
affect the Fund’s rights as a creditor (e.g.,
the Fund may not receive the net amount of payments that it is contractually
entitled to receive). Counterparty risk also refers to the related risks of
having concentrated exposure to such a counterparty. A liquid secondary market
may not always exist for the Fund’s derivative positions at any time, and the
Fund may not be able to initiate or liquidate a swap position at an advantageous
time or price, which may result in significant losses. The Fund may also face
the risk that it may not be able to meet margin and payment requirements to
maintain a derivatives position.
Derivatives
are also subject to operational and legal risks. Operational risk generally
refers to risk related to potential operational issues, including documentation
issues, settlement issues, system failures, inadequate controls, and human
errors. Legal risk generally refers to insufficient documentation, insufficient
capacity or authority of counterparty, or legality or enforceability of a
contract.
Under
Rule 18f-4 (the “derivatives rule”), funds need to trade derivatives and other
transactions that create future fund payment or delivery obligations subject to
a value-at-risk (“VaR”) leverage limit, and certain derivatives risk management
program and reporting requirements. Generally, these requirements apply unless a
fund qualifies as a “limited derivatives user,” as defined in the derivatives
rule. Under the derivatives rule, when a fund trades reverse repurchase
agreements or similar financing transactions, including certain tender option
bonds, it needs to aggregate the amount of indebtedness associated with the
reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions with the
aggregate amount of any other senior securities representing indebtedness when
calculating the fund’s asset coverage ratio or treat all such transactions as
derivatives transactions. Reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing
transactions aggregated with other indebtedness do not need to be included in
the calculation of whether a fund is a limited derivatives user, but for funds
subject to the VaR testing, reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing
transactions must be included for purposes of such testing whether treated as
derivatives transactions or not. The Securities and Exchange Commission also
provided guidance in connection with the derivatives rule regarding use of
securities lending collateral that may limit a fund's securities lending
activities. In addition, under the derivatives rule, the Fund is permitted to
invest in a security on a when-issued or forward-settling basis, or with a
non-standard settlement cycle, and the transaction will be deemed not to involve
a senior security under the Investment Company Act of 1940, provided that (i)
the Fund intends to physically settle the transaction and (ii) the transaction
will settle within 35 days of its trade date (the “Delayed-Settlement Securities
Provision”). The Fund may otherwise engage in such transactions that do not meet
the conditions of the Delayed-Settlement Securities Provision so long as the
Fund treats any such transaction as a “derivatives transaction” for purposes of
compliance with the derivatives rule. Furthermore, under the derivatives rule,
the Fund is permitted to enter into an unfunded commitment agreement, and such
unfunded
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commitment
agreement is not subject to the asset coverage requirements under the Investment
Company Act of 1940, if the Fund reasonably believes, at the time it enters into
such agreement, that it will have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to meet
its obligations with respect to all such agreements as they come due.
Shareholder
Risk. Certain
shareholders, including other funds advised by the Adviser, may from time to
time own a substantial amount of the Fund’s Shares. In addition, a third-party
investor, the Adviser or an affiliate of the Adviser, an Authorized Participant,
a market maker, or another entity may invest in the Fund and hold its investment
for a limited period of time. There can be no assurance that any large
shareholder would not redeem (through an Authorized Participant) its investment.
Redemptions by shareholders (through an Authorized Participant) could have a
negative impact on the Fund. In addition, transactions by large shareholders may
account for a large percentage of the trading volume on the exchange and may,
therefore, have a material effect on the market price of the
Shares.
Leverage
Risk.
To the extent that the Fund borrows money or utilizes certain derivatives, it
may be leveraged. Leveraging generally exaggerates the effect on net asset value
of any increase or decrease in the market value of the Fund’s portfolio
securities. The Fund is required to comply with the derivatives rule when it
engages in transactions that create future Fund payment or delivery obligations.
The Fund is required to comply with the asset coverage requirements under the
Investment Company Act of 1940 when it engages in borrowings and/or transactions
treated as borrowings.
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A
description of the Fund’s policies and procedures with respect to the disclosure
of the Fund’s portfolio securities is available in the Fund’s SAI.
Board
of Trustees.
The Board of Trustees has responsibility for the general oversight of the
management of the Fund, including general supervision of the Adviser and other
service providers, but is not involved in the day-to-day management of the
Trust. A list of the Trustees and the Trust officers, and their present
positions and principal occupations, is provided in the Fund’s SAI.
Investment
Adviser.
Under the terms of an investment management agreement between the Trust and Van
Eck Associates Corporation with respect to the Fund (the “Investment Management
Agreement”), Van Eck Associates Corporation serves as the adviser to the Fund
and, subject to the supervision of the Board of Trustees, is responsible for the
day-to-day investment management of the Fund. As of [ ], the Adviser managed
approximately $[
]
in assets. The Adviser has been an investment adviser since 1955 and also acts
as adviser or sub-adviser to mutual funds, other ETFs, other pooled investment
vehicles and separate accounts. The Adviser’s principal business address is 666
Third Avenue, 9th Floor, New York, New York 10017. A discussion regarding the
Board of Trustees’ approval of the Investment Management Agreement will be
available in the Trust’s [filing on Form N-CSR] for the period ended [
].
Pursuant
to the Investment Management Agreement, the Adviser is responsible for all
expenses of the Fund, including the costs of transfer agency, custody, fund
administration, legal, audit and other services, except for the fee payment
under the Investment Management Agreement, acquired fund fees and expenses,
interest expense, offering costs, trading expenses, taxes and extraordinary
expenses. For its services to the Fund, the Fund has agreed to pay the Adviser
an annual unitary management fee equal to [ ] of its average daily net assets.
Offering costs excluded from the annual unitary management fee are: (a) legal
fees pertaining to the Fund’s Shares offered for sale, (b) Securities and
Exchange Commission and state registration fees; and (c) initial fees paid for
Shares of the Fund to be listed on an exchange. Notwithstanding the foregoing,
the Adviser has agreed to pay all such offering costs until at least [ ].
Manager
of Managers Structure.
The Adviser and the Trust may rely on an exemptive order (the “Order”) from the
Securities and Exchange Commission that permits the Adviser to enter into
investment sub-advisory agreements with unaffiliated sub-advisers without
obtaining shareholder approval. The Adviser, subject to the review and approval
of the Board of Trustees, may select one or more sub- advisers for the Fund and
supervise, monitor and evaluate the performance of each
sub-adviser.
The
Order also permits the Adviser, subject to the approval of the Board of
Trustees, to replace sub-advisers and amend investment sub-advisory agreements,
including applicable fee arrangements, without shareholder approval whenever the
Adviser and the Board of Trustees believe such action will benefit the Fund and
its shareholders. The Adviser thus would have the responsibility (subject to the
oversight of the Board of Trustees) to recommend the hiring and replacement of
sub-advisers as well as the discretion to terminate any sub-adviser and
reallocate the Fund’s assets for management among any other sub-adviser(s) and
itself. This means that the Adviser would be able to reduce the sub-advisory
fees and retain a larger portion of the management fee, or increase the
sub-advisory fees and retain a smaller portion of the management fee. The
Adviser would compensate each sub-adviser out of its management
fee.
Administrator,
Custodian and Transfer Agent.
Van Eck Associates Corporation is the administrator for the Fund (the
“Administrator”), and State Street Bank and Trust Company is the custodian of
the Fund’s assets and provides transfer agency and fund accounting services to
the Fund. The Administrator is responsible for certain clerical, recordkeeping
and/or bookkeeping services which are required to be provided pursuant to the
Investment Management Agreement.
Distributor.
Van Eck Securities Corporation is the distributor of the Shares (the
“Distributor”). The Distributor will not distribute Shares in less than a
specified number of Shares, each called a “Creation Unit,” and does not maintain
a secondary market in the Shares. The Shares are traded in the secondary
market.
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[The
portfolio managers who currently share joint responsibility for the day-to-day
management of the Fund’s portfolio are Peter H. Liao, CFA and
_______.]
Mr.
Liao has been employed by the Adviser as an analyst since the summer of 2004 and
has been a portfolio manager since 2006. Mr. Liao graduated from New York
University in 2004 with a Bachelor of Arts in Economics and
Mathematics.
[__________
is deputy portfolio manager of the Fund.]
[Each
of Messrs. Liao and ___________________ serve as a portfolio manager of other
funds of the Trust. Messrs. Liao and _________________ also serve as portfolio
managers for certain other investment companies and pooled investment vehicles
advised by the Adviser. ]
See
the Fund’s SAI for additional information about the portfolio managers’
compensation, other accounts managed by the portfolio managers and their
respective ownership of Shares.
DETERMINATION
OF NAV
The
net asset value (“NAV”) per Share for the Fund is computed by dividing the value
of the net assets of the Fund (i.e.,
the value of its total assets less total liabilities) by the total number of
Shares outstanding. Expenses and fees, including the management fee, are accrued
daily and taken into account for purposes of determining NAV. The NAV of the
Fund is determined each business day as of the close of trading (ordinarily 4:00
p.m., Eastern time) on the New York Stock Exchange.
The
values of the Fund’s portfolio securities are based on the securities’ closing
prices on the markets on which the securities trade, when available. Due to the
time differences between the United States and certain countries in which the
Fund invests, securities on these exchanges may not trade at times when Shares
of the Fund will trade. In the absence of a last reported sales price, or if no
sales were reported, and for other assets for which market quotes are not
readily available, values may be based on quotes obtained from a quotation
reporting system, established market makers or by an outside independent pricing
service. Debt instruments with remaining maturities of more than 60 days are
valued at the evaluated mean price provided by an outside independent pricing
service. If an outside independent pricing service is unable to provide a
valuation, the instrument is valued at the mean of the highest bid and the
lowest asked quotes obtained from one or more brokers or dealers selected by the
Adviser. Prices obtained by an outside independent pricing service may use
information provided by market makers or estimates of market values obtained
from yield data related to investments or securities with similar
characteristics and may use a computerized grid matrix of securities and its
evaluations in determining what it believes is the fair value of the portfolio
securities. Short-term debt instruments having a maturity of 60 days or less are
valued at amortized cost. Any assets or liabilities denominated in currencies
other than the U.S. dollar are converted into U.S. dollars at the current market
rates on the date of valuation as quoted by one or more sources. If a market
quotation for a security or other asset is not readily available or the Adviser
believes it does not otherwise accurately reflect the market value of the
security or asset at the time the Fund calculates its NAV, the Board of Trustees
has designated the Adviser as the valuation designee pursuant to Rule 2a-5 under
the Investment Company Act of 1940 to perform fair valuation for such security
or asset in accordance with the Trust’s and Adviser’s valuation policies and
procedures approved by the Board of Trustees. The Fund may also use fair value
pricing in a variety of circumstances, including but not limited to, situations
when the value of a security in the Fund’s portfolio has been materially
affected by events occurring after the close of the market on which the security
is principally traded (such as a corporate action or other news that may
materially affect the price of a security) or trading in a security has been
suspended or halted. In addition, the Fund, which holds foreign equity
securities, currently expects that it will fair value certain of the foreign
equity securities held by the Fund each day the Fund calculates its NAV, except
those securities principally traded on exchanges that close at the same time the
Fund calculates its NAV.
Accordingly,
the Fund’s NAV may reflect certain portfolio securities’ fair values rather than
their market prices at the time the exchanges on which they principally trade
close. Fair value pricing involves subjective judgments and it is possible that
a fair value determination for a security or other asset is materially different
than the value that could be realized upon the sale of such security or asset.
In addition, fair value pricing could result in a difference between the prices
used to calculate the Fund’s NAV and the prices used by the Fund’s Index. This
may adversely affect the Fund’s ability to track its Index. With respect to
securities that are principally traded on foreign exchanges, the value of the
Fund’s portfolio securities may change on days when you will not be able to
purchase or sell your Shares.
INTRADAY
VALUE
The
trading prices of the Fund’s Shares in the secondary market generally differ
from the Fund’s daily NAV and are affected by market forces such as the supply
of and demand for Fund Shares and underlying securities held by the Fund,
economic conditions and other factors. Information regarding the intraday value
of the Fund’s Shares (“IIV”) may be disseminated throughout each trading day by
an Exchange or by market data vendors or other information providers. The IIV is
based on the current market value of the securities and/or cash required to be
deposited in exchange for a Creation Unit. The IIV does not necessarily reflect
the precise composition of the current portfolio of securities held by the Fund
at a particular point in time or the best possible valuation of the current
portfolio. Therefore, the IIV should not be viewed as a “real-time” update of
the Fund’s NAV, which is computed only once a day. The IIV is generally
determined by using current market quotations and/or
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price
quotations obtained from broker-dealers and other market intermediaries that may
trade in the portfolio securities held by the Fund and valuations based on
current market rates. The quotations and/or valuations of certain Fund holdings
may not be updated during U.S. trading hours if such holdings do not trade in
the United States. The Fund is not involved in, or responsible for, the
calculation or dissemination of the IIV and makes no warranty as to its
accuracy.
RULE
144A AND OTHER UNREGISTERED SECURITIES
An
Authorized Participant (i.e.,
a person eligible to place orders with the Distributor to create or redeem
Creation Units of the Fund) that is not a “qualified institutional buyer,” as
such term is defined under Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended
(the “Securities Act”), will not be able to receive, as part of a redemption,
restricted securities eligible for resale under Rule 144A or other unregistered
securities.
BUYING
AND SELLING EXCHANGE-TRADED SHARES
The
Shares of the Fund are expected to be listed on the Exchange. If you buy or sell
Shares in the secondary market, you will incur customary brokerage commissions
and charges and may pay some or all of the “spread,” which is any difference
between the bid price and the ask price. The spread varies over time for the
Fund’s Shares based on the Fund’s trading volume and market liquidity, and is
generally lower if the Fund has high trading volume and market liquidity, and
generally higher if the Fund has little trading volume and market liquidity
(which is often the case for funds that are newly launched or small in size). In
times of severe market disruption or low trading volume in the Fund’s Shares,
this spread can increase significantly. It is anticipated that the Shares will
trade in the secondary market at prices that may differ to varying degrees from
the NAV of the Shares. During periods of disruptions to creations and
redemptions or the existence of extreme market volatility, the market prices of
Shares are more likely to differ significantly from the Shares’
NAV.
The
Depository Trust Company (“DTC”) serves as securities depository for the Shares.
(The Shares may be held only in book- entry form; stock certificates will not be
issued.) DTC, or its nominee, is the record or registered owner of all
outstanding Shares. Beneficial ownership of Shares will be shown on the records
of DTC or its participants (described below). Beneficial owners of Shares are
not entitled to have Shares registered in their names, will not receive or be
entitled to receive physical delivery of certificates in definitive form and are
not considered the registered holder thereof. Accordingly, to exercise any
rights of a holder of Shares, each beneficial owner must rely on the procedures
of: (i) DTC; (ii) “DTC Participants,” i.e.,
securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies, clearing corporations
and certain other organizations, some of whom (and/or their representatives) own
DTC; and (iii) “Indirect Participants,” i.e.,
brokers, dealers, banks and trust companies that clear through or maintain a
custodial relationship with a DTC Participant, either directly or indirectly,
through which such beneficial owner holds its interests. The Trust understands
that under existing industry practice, in the event the Trust requests any
action of holders of Shares, or a beneficial owner desires to take any action
that DTC, as the record owner of all outstanding Shares, is entitled to take,
DTC would authorize the DTC Participants to take such action and that the DTC
Participants would authorize the Indirect Participants and beneficial owners
acting through such DTC Participants to take such action and would otherwise act
upon the instructions of beneficial owners owning through them. As described
above, the Trust recognizes DTC or its nominee as the owner of all Shares for
all purposes. For more information, see the section entitled “Book Entry Only
System” in the Fund’s SAI.
The
Exchange is open for trading Monday through Friday and is closed on weekends and
the following holidays: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents’
Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Juneteenth National Independence Day,
Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. Because
non-U.S. exchanges may be open on days when the Fund does not price its Shares,
the value of the securities in the Fund’s portfolio may change on days when
shareholders will not be able to purchase or sell the Fund’s
Shares.
The
right of redemption by an Authorized Participant may be suspended or the date of
payment postponed (1) for any period during which the Exchange is closed (other
than customary weekend and holiday closings); (2) for any period during which
trading on the Exchange is suspended or restricted; (3) for any period during
which an emergency exists as a result of which disposal of the Shares of the
Fund or determination of its NAV is not reasonably practicable; or (4) in such
other circumstance as is permitted by the Securities and Exchange
Commission.
Market
Timing and Related Matters.
The Fund imposes no restrictions on the frequency of purchases and redemptions.
Frequent purchases and redemptions of Fund Shares may attempt to take advantage
of a potential arbitrage opportunity presented by a lag between a change in the
value of the Fund’s portfolio securities after the close of the primary markets
for the Fund’s portfolio securities and the reflection of that change in the
Fund’s NAV (“market timing”). The Board of Trustees considered the nature of the
Fund (i.e.,
a fund whose Shares are expected to trade intraday), that the Adviser monitors
the trading activity of Authorized Participants for patterns of abusive trading,
that the Fund reserves the right to reject orders that may be disruptive to the
management of or otherwise not in the Fund’s best interests, and that the Fund
may fair value certain of its securities. Given this structure, the Board of
Trustees determined that it is not necessary to impose restrictions on the
frequency of purchases and redemptions for the Fund at the present
time.
DISTRIBUTIONS
Net
Investment Income and Capital Gains.
As a shareholder of the Fund, you are entitled to your share of the Fund’s
distributions of net investment income and net realized capital gains on its
investments. The Fund pays out substantially all of its net earnings to its
shareholders as “distributions.”
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The
Fund typically earns income dividends from stocks and interest from debt
securities. These amounts, net of expenses, are typically passed along to Fund
shareholders as dividends from net investment income. The Fund realizes capital
gains or losses whenever it sells securities. Net capital gains are distributed
to shareholders as “capital gain distributions.” Distributions from the Fund’s
net investment income, including net short-term capital gains, if any, are
taxable to you as ordinary income. Any long-term capital gains distributions you
receive from the Fund are taxable as long-term capital gains.
Net
investment income and net realized capital gains, if any, is typically
distributed to shareholders annually. Dividends may be declared and paid more
frequently to improve index tracking or to comply with the distribution
requirements of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986. In addition, in
situations where the Fund acquires investment securities after the beginning of
a dividend period, the Fund may elect to distribute at least annually amounts
representing the full dividend yield net of expenses on the underlying
investment securities, as if the Fund owned the underlying investment securities
for the entire dividend period. If the Fund so elects, some portion of each
distribution may result in a return of capital, which, for tax purposes, is
treated as a return of your investment in Shares. You will be notified regarding
the portion of the distribution which represents a return of
capital.
Distributions
in cash may be reinvested automatically in additional Shares of the Fund only if
the broker through which you purchased Shares makes such option
available.
TAX
INFORMATION
As
with any investment, you should consider how your Fund investment will be taxed.
The tax information in this Prospectus is provided as general information. You
should consult your own tax professional about the tax consequences of an
investment in the Fund, including the possible application of foreign, state and
local taxes. Unless your investment in the Fund is through a tax-exempt entity
or tax-deferred retirement account, such as a 401(k) plan, you need to be aware
of the possible tax consequences when: (i) the Fund makes distributions, (ii)
you sell Shares in the secondary market or (iii) you create or redeem Creation
Units.
Taxes
on Distributions. As
noted above, the Fund expects to distribute net investment income, if any, at
least annually, and any net realized long-term or short-term capital gains, if
any, annually. The Fund may also pay a special distribution at any time to
comply with U.S. federal tax requirements.
In
general, your distributions are subject to U.S. federal income tax when they are
paid, whether you take them in cash or reinvest them in the Fund. Distributions
of net investment income, including net short-term gains, if any, are generally
taxable as ordinary income. Whether distributions of capital gains represent
long-term or short-term capital gains is determined by how long the Fund owned
the investments that generated them, rather than how long you have owned your
Shares. Distributions of net short-term capital gains in excess of net long-term
capital losses, if any, are generally taxable as ordinary income. Distributions
of net long- term capital gains in excess of net short-term capital losses, if
any, that are properly reported as capital gain dividends are generally taxable
as long-term capital gains. Long-term capital gains of a non-corporate
shareholder are generally taxable at a maximum rate of 15% or 20%, depending on
whether the shareholder’s income exceeds certain threshold amounts.
The
Fund may receive dividends, the distribution of which the Fund may report as
qualified dividends. In the event that the Fund receives such a dividend and
reports the distribution of such dividend as a qualified dividend, the dividend
may be taxed at the maximum capital gains rates of 15% or 20%, provided holding
period and other requirements are met at both the shareholder and the Fund
level. There can be no assurance that any significant portion of the Fund’s
distributions will be eligible for qualified dividend treatment.
Distributions
in excess of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits are treated
as a tax-free return of your investment to the extent of your basis in the
Shares, and generally as capital gain thereafter. A return of capital, which for
tax purposes is treated as a return of your investment, reduces your basis in
Shares, thus reducing any loss or increasing any gain on a subsequent taxable
disposition of Shares. A distribution will reduce the Fund’s NAV per Share and
may be taxable to you as ordinary income or capital gain even though, from an
economic standpoint, the distribution may constitute a return of
capital.
Special
tax rules may change the normal treatment of gains and losses recognized by the
Fund if the Fund makes certain investments such as investments in structured
notes, swaps, options and futures transactions. Those special tax rules can
negatively affect the character, timing and amount of income earned by the Fund
(e.g., by causing amounts that would be capital gain to be taxed as ordinary
income or to be taken into income earlier than would otherwise be necessary).
The Fund intends to invest in swaps and other derivative instruments that are
linked to the performance of A-shares. The U.S. tax treatment of such
investments may generally be less efficient than a direct investment in A-
shares. Furthermore, the Fund may be required to periodically adjust its
positions in these swaps or derivatives to comply with certain regulatory
requirements which may further cause these investments to be less efficient than
a direct investment in A-shares. In addition, because the application of these
special rules may be uncertain, it is possible that the manner in which they are
applied by the Fund may be determined to be incorrect. In that event, the Fund
may be found to have failed to maintain its qualification as a regulated
investment company or to be subject to additional U.S. tax
liability.
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The
Fund may make investments, both directly and through swaps or other derivative
positions, in companies classified as passive foreign investment companies
("PFICs") for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Investments in PFICs are subject
to special tax rules which may result in adverse tax consequences to the Fund
and its shareholders. The Fund generally intends to elect to “mark to market”
these investments at the end of each taxable year. By making this election, the
Fund will recognize as ordinary income any increase in the value of such shares
as of the close of the taxable year over their adjusted basis and as ordinary
loss any decrease in such investment (but only to the extent of prior income
from such investment under the mark to market rules). Gains realized with
respect to a disposition of a PFIC that the Fund has elected to mark to market
will be ordinary income. By making the mark to market election, the Fund may
recognize income in excess of the distributions that it receives from its
investments. Accordingly, the Fund may need to borrow money or dispose of some
of its investments in order to meet its distribution requirements. If the Fund
does not make the mark to market election with respect to an investment in a
PFIC, the Fund could become subject to U.S. federal income tax with respect to
certain distributions from, and gain on the dispositions of, the PFIC which
cannot be avoided by distributing such amounts to the Fund’s shareholders.
Dividends,
interest and gains from non-U.S. investments of the Fund may give rise to
withholding and other taxes imposed by foreign countries. Tax conventions
between certain countries and the United States may, in some cases, reduce or
eliminate such taxes.
If
more than 50% of the Fund’s total assets at the end of its taxable year consist
of foreign securities, the Fund may elect to “pass through” to its investors
certain foreign income taxes paid by the Fund, with the result that each
investor will (i) include in gross income, even though not actually received,
the investor’s pro rata share of the Fund’s foreign income taxes, and (ii)
either deduct (in calculating U.S. taxable income) or credit (in calculating
U.S. federal income), subject to certain holding period and other limitations,
the investor’s pro rata share of the Fund’s foreign income taxes. This treatment
will not apply with respect to amounts the Fund reserves in anticipation of the
imposition of Chinese withholding taxes not currently in effect (if any). If
these amounts are used to pay any tax liability of the Fund in a later year,
they will be treated as paid by the shareholders in such later year, even if
they are imposed with respect to income of an earlier year. It is expected that
more than 50% of the Fund's assets will consist of foreign
securities.
Backup
Withholding. The
Fund may be required to withhold a percentage of your distributions and proceeds
if you have not provided a taxpayer identification number or social security
number or otherwise established a basis for exemption from backup withholding.
The backup withholding rate for individuals is currently 24%. This is not an
additional tax and may be refunded, or credited against your U.S. federal income
tax liability, provided certain required information is furnished to the
Internal Revenue Service.
Taxes
on the Sale or Cash Redemption of Exchange Listed Shares.
Currently, any capital gain or loss realized upon a sale of Shares is generally
treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the Shares have been held for more
than one year and as a short-term capital gain or loss if held for one year or
less. However, any capital loss on a sale of Shares held for six months or less
is treated as long-term capital loss to the extent that capital gain dividends
were paid with respect to such Shares. The ability to deduct capital losses may
be limited. To the extent that the Fund shareholder’s Shares are redeemed for
cash, this is normally treated as a sale for tax purposes.
Taxes
on In-Kind Creations and In-Kind Redemptions of Creation Units. To
the extent a person exchanges securities or securities and cash for Creation
Units, such person generally will recognize a gain or loss. The gain or loss
will be equal to the difference between the market value of the Creation Units
at the time of exchange and the sum of the exchanger’s aggregate basis in the
securities surrendered and the amount of any cash paid for such Creation Units.
A person who exchanges Creation Units for securities or securities and cash will
generally recognize a gain or loss equal to the difference between the
exchanger’s basis in the Creation Units and the sum of the aggregate market
value of the securities received and the amount of any cash received for such
Creation Units. The IRS, however, may assert that a loss realized upon an
exchange of primarily securities for Creation Units cannot be deducted currently
under the rules governing “wash sales,” or on the basis that there has been no
significant change in economic position. Persons exchanging primarily securities
for Creation Units or redeeming Creation Units should consult their own tax
adviser with respect to whether wash sale rules apply and when a loss might be
deductible and the tax treatment of any creation or redemption
transaction.
Under
current U.S. federal income tax laws, any capital gain or loss realized upon a
redemption (or creation) of Creation Units held as capital assets is generally
treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the Shares (or securities
surrendered) have been held for more than one year and as a short-term capital
gain or loss if the Shares (or securities surrendered) have been held for one
year or less.
If
you create or redeem Creation Units, you will be sent a confirmation statement
showing how many Shares you created or sold and at what price.
Medicare
Tax.
An additional 3.8% Medicare tax is imposed on certain net investment income
(including ordinary dividends and capital gain distributions received from the
Fund and net gains from redemptions or other taxable dispositions of Fund
Shares) of U.S. individuals, estates and trusts to the extent that such person’s
“modified adjusted gross income” (in the case of an individual) or “adjusted
gross income” (in the case of an estate or trust) exceeds certain threshold
amounts.
Non-U.S.
Shareholders.
Dividends paid by the Fund to non-U.S. shareholders are generally subject to
withholding tax at a 30% rate or a reduced rate specified by an applicable
income tax treaty to the extent derived from investment income and
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short-term
capital gains. Dividends paid by the Fund from net tax-exempt income or
long-term capital gains are generally not subject to such withholding tax.
Properly-reported dividends are generally exempt from U.S. federal withholding
tax where they (i) are paid in respect of the Fund’s “qualified net interest
income” (generally, the Fund’s U.S. source interest income, other than certain
contingent interest and interest from obligations of a corporation or
partnership in which the Fund is at least a 10% shareholder, reduced by expenses
that are allocable to such income); or (ii) are paid in respect of the Fund’s
“qualified short-term capital gains” (generally, the excess of the Fund’s net
short-term capital gain over the Fund’s long-term capital loss for such taxable
year). However, depending on its circumstances, the Fund may report all, some or
none of its potentially eligible dividends as such qualified net interest income
or as qualified short-term capital gains and/or treat such dividends, in whole
or in part, as ineligible for this exemption from withholding.
Any
capital gain realized by a non-U.S. shareholder upon a sale of Shares of the
Fund will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax
unless (i) the gain is effectively connected with the shareholder’s trade or
business in the United States, or in the case of a shareholder who is a
nonresident alien individual, the shareholder is present in the United States
for 183 days or more during the taxable year and certain other conditions are
met or (ii) the Fund is or has been a U.S. real property holding corporation, as
defined below, at any time within the five-year period preceding the date of
disposition of the Fund’s Shares or, if shorter, within the period during which
the non-U.S. shareholder has held the Shares. Generally, a corporation is a U.S.
real property holding corporation if the fair market value of its U.S. real
property interests, as defined in the Internal Revenue Code and applicable
regulations, equals or exceeds 50% of the aggregate fair market value of its
worldwide real property interests and its other assets used or held for use in a
trade or business. The Fund may be, or may prior to a non-U.S. shareholder’s
disposition of Shares become, a U.S. real property holding corporation. If the
Fund is or becomes a U.S. real property holding corporation, so long as the
Fund’s Shares are regularly traded on an established securities market, only a
non-U.S. shareholder who holds or held (at any time during the shorter of the
five year period preceding the date of disposition or the holder’s holding
period) more than 5% (directly or indirectly as determined under applicable
attribution rules of the Internal Revenue Code) of the Fund’s Shares will be
subject to U.S. federal income tax on the disposition of Shares.
As
part of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, (“FATCA”), the Fund may be
required to withhold 30% tax on certain types of U.S. sourced income
(e.g.,
dividends, interest, and other types of passive income) paid to (i) foreign
financial institutions (“FFIs”), including non-U.S. investment funds, unless
they agree to collect and disclose to the IRS information regarding their direct
and indirect U.S. account holders and (ii) certain nonfinancial foreign entities
(“NFFEs”), unless they certify certain information regarding their direct and
indirect U.S. owners. To avoid possible withholding, FFIs will need to enter
into agreements with the IRS which state that they will provide the IRS
information, including the names, account numbers and balances, addresses and
taxpayer identification numbers of U.S. account holders and comply with due
diligence procedures with respect to the identification of U.S. accounts as well
as agree to withhold tax on certain types of withholdable payments made to
non-compliant foreign financial institutions or to applicable foreign account
holders who fail to provide the required information to the IRS, or similar
account information and required documentation to a local revenue authority,
should an applicable intergovernmental agreement be implemented. NFFEs will need
to provide certain information regarding each substantial U.S. owner or
certifications of no substantial U.S. ownership, unless certain exceptions
apply, or agree to provide certain information to the Internal Revenue Service.
The
Fund may be subject to the FATCA withholding obligation, and also will be
required to perform due diligence reviews to classify foreign entity investors
for FATCA purposes. Investors are required to agree to provide information
necessary to allow the Fund to comply with the FATCA rules. If the Fund is
required to withhold amounts from payments pursuant to FATCA, investors will
receive distributions that are reduced by such withholding amounts.
Non-U.S.
shareholders are advised to consult their tax advisors with respect to the
particular tax consequences to them of an investment in the Fund, including the
possible applicability of the U.S. estate tax.
The
foregoing discussion summarizes some of the consequences under current U.S.
federal income tax law of an investment in the Fund. It is not a substitute for
personal tax advice. Consult your own tax advisor about the potential tax
consequences of an investment in the Fund under all applicable tax laws. Changes
in applicable tax authority could materially affect the conclusions discussed
above and could adversely affect the Fund, and such changes often
occur.
The
Index is published by MarketVector IndexesTM
GmbH ("MarketVector"), which is an indirectly wholly owned subsidiary of the
Adviser.
MarketVector
does not sponsor, endorse, or promote the Fund and bears no liability with
respect to the Fund or any security.
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| MARKETVECTOR
CHINA SEMICONDUCTOR 25 INDEX |
The
Index is a rules-based, modified capitalization-weighted, float-adjusted index
intended to give investors a means of tracking the overall performance of
companies involved in the semiconductor industry in China. Semiconductor
companies include those engaged primarily in the production of semiconductors
and/or semiconductor equipment.
To
be initially eligible for inclusion in the Index, companies must generate at
least 50% of their revenues (25% for current Index components) from
semiconductors and must have a market capitalization of greater than $150
million as of the end of the month prior to a rebalancing date. The Index
includes common stocks and depositary receipts of companies that are
headquartered or incorporated in China or Hong Kong and meet the eligibility
requirements described above.
The
Index is the exclusive property of MarketVector Indexes GmbH (“MarketVector”),
which has contracted with a third-party calculation agent to maintain and
calculate the Index. The calculation agent uses its best efforts to ensure that
the Index is calculated correctly. Irrespective of its obligations towards
MarketVector, the calculation agent has no obligation to point out errors in the
Index to third parties. The Fund is not sponsored, endorsed, sold or promoted by
MarketVector and MarketVector makes no representation regarding the advisability
of investing in the Fund.
The
Index is reconstituted semi-annually and rebalanced quarterly. MarketVector may
delay or change a scheduled rebalancing or reconstitution of the Index or the
implementation of certain rules at its sole discretion.
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LICENSE
AGREEMENT AND DISCLAIMERS |
The
Adviser has entered into a licensing agreement with MarketVector to use the
MarketVector China Semiconductor 25 Index (the “MarketVector Index”). The Fund
is entitled to use its Index pursuant to a sub-licensing arrangement with the
Adviser.
Shares
of the Fund are not sponsored, endorsed, sold or promoted by MarketVector.
MarketVector makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, to the
owners of the Shares of the Fund or any member of the public regarding the
advisability of investing in securities generally or in the Shares of the Fund
particularly or the ability of the MarketVector Index to track the performance
of its respective securities markets. The MarketVector Index is determined and
composed by MarketVector without regard to the Adviser or the Shares of the
Fund. MarketVector has no obligation to take the needs of the Adviser or the
owners of the Shares of the Fund into consideration in determining or composing
the Index. MarketVector is not responsible for and has not participated in the
determination of the timing of, prices at, or quantities of the Shares of the
Fund to be issued or in the determination or calculation of the equation by
which the Shares of the Fund are to be converted into cash. MarketVector has no
obligation or liability in connection with the administration, marketing or
trading of the Shares of the Fund.
The
Shares of the Fund are not sponsored, promoted, sold or supported in any other
manner by Solactive AG nor does Solactive AG offer any express or implicit
guarantee or assurance either with regard to the results of using the
MarketVector Index and/or its trade mark or its price at any time or in any
other respect. The MarketVector Index is calculated and maintained by Solactive
AG. Solactive AG uses its best efforts to ensure that the MarketVector Indices
are calculated correctly. Irrespective of its obligations towards MarketVector,
Solactive AG has no obligation to point out errors in the MarketVector Index to
third parties including but not limited to investors and/or financial
intermediaries of the Fund. Neither publication of the MarketVector Index by
Solactive AG nor the licensing of the MarketVector Index or its trade mark for
the purpose of use in connection with the Fund constitutes a recommendation by
Solactive AG to invest capital in the Fund nor does it in any way represent an
assurance or opinion of Solactive AG with regard to any investment in the Fund.
Solactive AG is not responsible for fulfilling the legal requirements concerning
the accuracy and completeness of the prospectus of the Fund.
MARKETVECTOR
DOES NOT GUARANTEE THE ACCURACY AND/OR THE COMPLETENESS OF THE
MARKETVECTOR
INDEX OR ANY DATA INCLUDED THEREIN AND MARKETVECTOR SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR
ANY ERRORS, OMISSIONS, OR INTERRUPTIONS THEREIN. MARKETVECTOR MAKES NO WARRANTY,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED BY THE ADVISER, OWNERS OF
SHARES OF THE FUND OR ANY OTHER PERSON OR ENTITY FROM THE USE OF THE
MARKETVECTOR INDEX OR ANY DATA INCLUDED THEREIN. MARKETVECTOR MAKES NO EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE WITH RESPECT TO THE MARKETVECTOR
INDEX
OR ANY DATA INCLUDED THEREIN. WITHOUT LIMITING ANY OF THE FOREGOING, IN NO EVENT
SHALL MARKETVECTOR HAVE ANY LIABILITY FOR ANY SPECIAL, PUNITIVE, INDIRECT, OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING LOST PROFITS), EVEN IF NOTIFIED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
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The
Fund has not yet commenced operations as of the date of this Prospectus and
therefore does not have a financial history.
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| PREMIUM/DISCOUNT
INFORMATION |
The
Fund has not yet commenced operations and, therefore, does not have information
about the differences between the Fund’s daily market price on the Exchange and
its NAV. Information regarding how often the closing trading price of the
Shares of the Fund was above (i.e.,
at a premium) or below (i.e.,
at a discount) the NAV of the Fund for the most recently completed calendar year
and the most recently completed calendar quarter(s) since that year (or the life
of the Fund, if shorter) can be found at www.vaneck.com.
CONTINUOUS
OFFERING
The
method by which Creation Units are created and traded may raise certain issues
under applicable securities laws. Because new Creation Units are issued and sold
by the Trust on an ongoing basis, a “distribution,” as such term is used in the
Securities Act may occur at any point. Broker dealers and other persons are
cautioned that some activities on their part may, depending on the
circumstances, result in their being deemed participants in a distribution in a
manner which could render them statutory underwriters and subject them to the
prospectus delivery and liability provisions of the Securities Act.
For
example, a broker dealer firm or its client may be deemed a statutory
underwriter if it takes Creation Units after placing an order with the
Distributor, breaks them down into constituent Shares, and sells such Shares
directly to customers, or if it chooses to couple the creation of a supply of
new Shares with an active selling effort involving solicitation of secondary
market demand for Shares. A determination of whether one is an underwriter for
purposes of the Securities Act must take into account all the facts and
circumstances pertaining to the activities of the broker dealer or its client in
the particular case, and the examples mentioned above should not be considered a
complete description of all the activities that could lead to a categorization
as an underwriter.
Broker
dealers who are not “underwriters” but are participating in a distribution (as
contrasted to ordinary secondary trading transactions), and thus dealing with
Shares that are part of an “unsold allotment” within the meaning of Section
4(a)(3)(C) of the Securities Act, would be unable to take advantage of the
prospectus delivery exemption provided by Section 4(a)(3) of the Securities Act.
This is because the prospectus delivery exemption in Section 4(a)(3) of the
Securities Act is not available in respect of such transactions as a result of
Section 24(d) of the Investment Company Act of 1940. As a result, broker dealer
firms should note that dealers who are not underwriters but are participating in
a distribution (as contrasted with ordinary secondary market transactions) and
thus dealing with the Shares that are part of an overallotment within the
meaning of Section 4(a)(3)(A) of the Securities Act would be unable to take
advantage of the prospectus delivery exemption provided by Section 4(a)(3) of
the Securities Act. Firms that incur a prospectus delivery obligation with
respect to Shares are reminded that, under Rule 153 of the Securities Act, a
prospectus delivery obligation under Section 5(b)(2) of the Securities Act owed
to an exchange member in connection with a sale on the Exchange is satisfied by
the fact that the prospectus is available at the Exchange upon request. The
prospectus delivery mechanism provided in Rule 153 is only available with
respect to transactions on an exchange.
In
addition, certain affiliates of the Fund and the Adviser may purchase and resell
Fund Shares pursuant to this Prospectus.
OTHER
INFORMATION
The
Trust was organized as a Delaware statutory trust on March 15, 2001. Its
Declaration of Trust currently permits the Trust to issue an unlimited number of
Shares of beneficial interest. If shareholders are required to vote on any
matters, each Share outstanding would be entitled to one vote. Annual meetings
of shareholders will not be held except as required by the Investment Company
Act of 1940 and other applicable law. See the Fund’s SAI for more information
concerning the Trust’s form of organization. Section 12(d)(1) of the Investment
Company Act of 1940 restricts investments by investment companies in the
securities of other investment companies, including Shares of the Fund.
Registered investment companies are permitted to invest in the Fund beyond the
limits set forth in Section 12(d)(1) subject to certain terms and conditions set
forth in Securities and Exchange Commission regulations, including that such
investment companies enter into an agreement with the Fund.
The
Prospectus, SAI and any other Fund communication do not create any contractual
obligations between the Fund’s shareholders and the Trust, the Fund, the Adviser
and/or the Trustees. Further, shareholders are not intended third party
beneficiaries of any contracts entered into by (or on behalf of) the Fund,
including contracts with the Adviser or other parties who provide services to
the Fund.
Dechert
LLP serves as counsel to the Trust, including the Fund. [ ] serves as the
Trust’s independent registered public accounting firm and will audit the Fund’s
financial statements annually.
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ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION
This
Prospectus does not contain all the information included in the Registration
Statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with respect to the
Fund’s Shares. The Fund’s Registration Statement, including this Prospectus, the
Fund’s SAI and the exhibits are available on the EDGAR database at the
Securities and Exchange Commission’s website (http://www.sec.gov), and copies
may be obtained, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at the
following email address: [email protected].
The
SAI for the Fund, which has been filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission, provides more information about the Fund. The SAI for the Fund is
incorporated herein by reference and is legally part of this Prospectus.
Shareholder
inquiries may be directed to the Fund in writing to 666 Third Avenue, 9th Floor,
New York, New York 10017 or by calling 800.826.2333.
The
Fund’s SAI is available at www.vaneck.com.
(Investment
Company Act file no. 811-10325)
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For
more detailed information about the Fund, see the SAI dated [ ], 2026, as may be
supplemented from time to time. Additional information about the Fund’s
investments is or will be available in the Fund’s annual and semi-annual reports
to shareholders and in Form N-CSR. In the Fund’s annual report, you will find a
discussion of the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly
affected the Fund’s performance during its last fiscal year. In Form N-CSR, you
will find the Fund’s annual and semi-annual financial statements.
Call
VanEck at 800.826.2333 or write to the Fund at Van Eck Securities Corporation,
the Fund’s Distributor, at 666 Third Avenue, 9th Floor, New York, New York 10017
to request, free of charge, the annual or semi-annual reports, the SAI, the
Fund’s financial statements or other information about the Fund or to make
shareholder inquiries. You may also obtain the SAI, the Fund’s financial
statements or the Fund’s annual or semi-annual reports by visiting the VanEck
website at www.vaneck.com.
Reports
and other information about the Fund are available on the EDGAR Database on the
Securities and Exchange Commission’s internet site at http://www.sec.gov. In
addition, copies of this information may be obtained, after paying a duplicating
fee, by electronic request at the following email address:
[email protected].
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Transfer
Agent: State Street Bank and Trust Company
SEC
Registration Number: 333-123257
1940
Act Registration Number: 811-10325
[
]PRO |
800.826.2333
| vaneck.com |