market
disruption, it may face higher risk of loss, although the increasing
interconnectivity between global economies and financial
markets can lead to events or conditions in one country, region or financial
market adversely impacting a different country, region or
financial market.
Other
unexpected political, regulatory and diplomatic events within the U.S. and
abroad may affect investor and consumer confidence
and may adversely impact financial markets and the broader economy. For example,
ongoing armed conflicts between
Russia and Ukraine in Europe and among Israel, Iran, Hamas and other militant
groups in the Middle East, have caused and
could continue to cause significant market disruptions and volatility within the
markets in Russia, Europe, the Middle East and
the United States. The hostilities and sanctions resulting from those
hostilities have and could continue to have a significant impact
on certain Fund investments as well as Fund performance and liquidity. The
economies of the United States and its trading
partners, as well as the financial markets generally, may be adversely impacted
by trade disputes, including the imposition
of tariffs, and other matters. For example, the United States has imposed trade
barriers and restrictions on China. In
addition, the Chinese government is engaged in a longstanding dispute with
Taiwan, continually threatening an invasion. If
the political climate between the United States and China does not improve or
continues to deteriorate, if China were to attempt
invading Taiwan, or if other geopolitical conflicts develop or worsen,
economies, markets and individual securities may
be adversely affected, and the value of the Fund’s assets may go down. A public
health crisis and the ensuing policies enacted
by governments and central banks may cause significant volatility and
uncertainty in global financial markets, negatively impacting
global growth prospects. As the COVID-19 global pandemic illustrated, such
events may affect certain geographic regions, countries,
sectors and industries more significantly than others.
Advancements
in technology may also adversely impact markets and the overall performance of
the Fund. For instance, the economy
may be significantly impacted by the advanced development and increased
regulation of artificial intelligence. As the
use of technology grows, liquidity and market movements may be affected. As
artificial intelligence is used more widely, the
profitability and growth of Fund holdings may be impacted, which could
significantly impact the overall performance of the
Fund. Additionally, cyber security breaches of both government and
non-government entities could have negative impacts on infrastructure and
the ability of such entities, including the Fund, to operate
properly.
These
events, and any other future events, may adversely affect the prices and
liquidity of the Fund’s portfolio investments and could result in
disruptions in the trading markets.
CYBER
SECURITY RISK. The Fund is
susceptible to operational, information security and related risks through
breaches in cyber
security. A breach in cyber security refers to both intentional and
unintentional events that may cause the Fund to lose proprietary
information, suffer data corruption or lose operational capacity. Such events
could cause the Fund to incur regulatory penalties,
reputational damage, additional compliance costs associated with corrective
measures and/or financial loss. These risks
may not be fully covered by insurance. In general, cyber incidents can result
from deliberate attacks or unintentional events.
Cyber incidents include, but are not limited to, gaining unauthorized access to
digital systems (e.g., through “hacking”
or
malicious software coding) for purposes of misappropriating assets or sensitive
information, corrupting or destroying data, or
causing operational disruption (e.g., through
denial-of-service attacks to make network services unavailable to intended
users).
Cyber attacks may also be carried out in a manner that does not require gaining
unauthorized access, such as causing denial-of-service
attacks on websites (i.e., efforts to make
network services unavailable to intended users). Emerging threats like
ransomware or zero-day exploits could also cause disruptions to Fund operations.
The use of cloud-based software or data
storage by the Fund, the Advisor, or any of the Fund’s service providers may
exacerbate these risks. Additionally, geopolitical tension
may increase the scale and sophistication of deliberate attacks, particularly
those from nation states or from entities with
nation state backing. Unintentional events, such as power outages, natural
disasters, equipment malfunctions, processing errors
or market events that occur at a pace that overloads the information and
technology systems relied upon by the Fund or
its service providers, may also disrupt the Fund’s business operations or impact
critical data. Cyber security incidents may also trigger Fund
obligations under data privacy laws, potentially increasing notification and
compliance burdens.
Cyber
security failures by or breaches of the systems of the Advisor, distributor and
other service providers (including, but not
limited to, sub-advisors, index providers, fund accountants, custodians,
transfer agents and administrators), market makers, authorized
participants or the issuers of securities in which the Fund invests,
governmental and other regulatory authorities, exchanges
and other financial market operators, banks, brokers, dealers, insurance
companies, other financial institutions or other
parties, have the ability to cause disruptions and impact business operations,
potentially resulting in: financial losses; interference
with the Fund’s ability to calculate its net asset value; disclosure of
confidential trading information; impediments to
trading; submission of erroneous trades or erroneous creation or redemption
orders; the inability of the Fund or its service providers
to transact business; violations of applicable privacy and other laws;
regulatory fines penalties, reputational damage, reimbursement
or other compensation costs; or additional compliance costs. Further, errors,
misconduct, or compromise of